Friday, 6 March 2015
The man who posted himself to Australia
In the mid-1960s, Australian athlete Reg Spiers found himself stranded in London with no money to buy a plane ticket home. Desperate to get back to Australia in time for his daughter's birthday, he decided to post himself in a wooden crate.
"I just got in the thing and went. What was there to be frightened of? I'm not frightened of the dark so I just sat there.
"It's like when I travel now if I go overseas. There's the seat. Sit in it, and go."
Reg Spiers makes it sound very straightforward more than half a century later, but it caused a media storm in Australia at the time.
He explains his attitude like this: "I've come up with this mad scheme to get back to Australia in a box. Who can say it won't work? Let's give it a shot."
Spiers had come to the UK to try to recover from an injury that had interrupted his athletics career. A promising javelin thrower, he had been on course to compete at the Tokyo Olympics in 1964.
But when it became clear he would not make the games, Spiers set his mind to raising enough money to fly back to Australia, and took an airport job to earn some cash.
But his plans changed when his wallet, containing all his savings, was stolen. With a wife and daughter back home, Spiers wanted to get back to Adelaide, but "there was one catch," he explains. "I didn't have any money."
And with his daughter's birthday looming, he was in a hurry.
"I worked in the export cargo section, so I knew about cash-on-delivery with freight. I'd seen animals come through all the time and I thought, 'If they can do it I can do it.'"
A miniature replica of the box used to promote a book about the escapade
Spiers also knew the maximum size of crate that could be sent by air freight. He had been staying with a friend, John McSorley, in London, and persuaded him to build a box in which he could send himself home.
"He told me it had to be 5ft x 3ft x 2.5ft, (1.5m x 0.9m x 0.75m)," says McSorley. "I knew Reg and I thought, 'He's going to do it regardless, so if he's going to do it I'd better make him a box that at least is going to get him there.'"
Built to Spiers's specifications, the crate allowed him to sit up straight-legged, or lie on his back with his knees bent. The two ends of the crate were held in place by wooden spigots operated from the inside, so Spiers could let himself out of either end. It was fitted with straps to hold him in place as the crate was loaded and unloaded.
To avoid any suspicion that a person was inside, the crate was labelled as a load of paint and addressed to a fictitious Australian shoe company.
The replica shows how straps were fixed inside the box
Although the cost of sending such a large and heavy cargo would have been more than a passenger seat, Spiers knew he could send himself cash-on-delivery - and worry about how to pay the fees once he arrived in Australia.
Packed into the box with some tinned food, a torch, a blanket and a pillow, plus two plastic bottles - one for water, one for urine - Spiers was loaded on to an Air India plane bound for Perth, Western Australia. Although Spiers wanted ultimately to get to Adelaide, Perth was chosen because it was a smaller airport.
He endured a 24-hour delay at the airport in London due to fog, and let himself out of the crate once the plane was in the air.
"I got out of the box between London and Paris, dying for a leak," says Spiers. "I peed in a can and put it on top of the box. I was stretching my legs and all of a sudden, because it's a short distance, the plane began to descend. A little panicky I jumped back in the box, and the can full of pee was still sitting on top."
I was grinning from ear to ear, but I wasn't going to let them know I'm there now - I've almost pulled the whole thing off”Reg Spiers
The French baggage handlers in Paris thought the can's unsavoury contents had been left for them as an unkind joke by their counterparts in London.
"They were saying some terrible things about the English," says Spiers. "But they didn't even think of the box. So I kept on going."
The next stop on the long journey back to Australia was in Bombay, where baggage handlers parked Spiers - upside down - in the sun's glare for four hours.
"It was hot as hell in Bombay so I took off all my clothes," he says. "Wouldn't it have been funny if I'd got pinched then?"
"They had the thing on its end. I was on the tarmac while they were changing me from one plane to another. I'm strapped in but my feet are up in the air. I'm sweating like a pig but not to give up - wait, be patient - and eventually they came and got me and put me on another plane."
When the plane finally touched down in Perth, the cargo hold was opened and Spiers heard the Australian baggage handlers swearing about the size of the crate he was in. He knew immediately he was home.
"The accents - how could you miss?" says Spiers. "I'm on the soil. Amazing. Wonderful. I made it.
"I was grinning from ear to ear, but I wasn't going to let them know I'm there now - I've almost pulled the whole thing off.
"I knew they would take the box to a bond shed. When they put me in the shed I got out straight away. There were cartons of beer in there. I don't drink but I whipped a beer out and had a drink of that."
Reg Spiers in London before his freight journey in 1964
Spiers had survived three days travelling in the wooden crate. But he still faced the challenge of getting out of the airport. Fortunately, his luck continued.
"There were some tools in there so I just cut a hole in the wall and got out.
"There was no security. I put on a suit out of my bag so I looked cool, jumped through the window, walked out on to the street and thumbed a ride into town. Simple as that."
But back in England, John McSorley, who had built the crate and delivered Spiers to the airport, was desperately worried about his friend. Spiers hitchhiked his way back to his family in Adelaide, but neglected to tell McSorley he had come through his journey intact.
In an effort find out what had happened, McSorley alerted the media, and Spiers quickly became a sensation in his home country.
"I got a telegram from a renowned Australian politician," he says, which read, "'A gallant effort by a real Aussie - and here's five quid.' I'm winning big time. It was great."
In the end the airline didn't make him pay the shipping fees. But Spiers admits he was taken aback by the media coverage of his adventure.
"I'd never seen anything like it. It scared the hell out of my mother with the whole street blocked with media. And it would go on for weeks. It was pretty wild."
Spiers succeeded in making it back in time for his daughter's birthday but he still had a job convincing his wife his story was true.
"She didn't believe me," he says. "But then she thought about it and thought 'He must have done it, how else did he get here?' So eventually she rode with it."
Air industry insiders say something like this would never be able to happen now. The hold is usually pressurised and the temperature will usually be above freezing but all cargo loaded on to planes is screened for security reasons and a hidden person would be found.
Harrison Ford injured in plane crash
US actor Harrison Ford has been injured in a small plane crash in Los Angeles.
The 72-year-old star of the Indiana Jones and Star Wars films reported engine failure and crash-landed his vintage plane on a Venice golf course.
He was breathing and alert when medics arrived and took him to hospital in a "fair to moderate" condition, a fire department spokesman said.
His son Ben, a chef in Los Angeles, later tweeted from the hospital: "Dad is OK. Battered but OK!
His publicist said: "The injuries sustained are not life threatening, and he is expected to make a full recovery,"
The nature of Ford's injuries have not been disclosed but website TMZ, which first reported the story, said he suffered "multiple gashes to his head".
Shortly after take-off from Santa Monica Airport, he said he was having engine failure with his 1942 Ryan Aeronautical ST3KR and was making an "immediate return".
He was unable to reach the runway and landed on the golf course, where onlookers pulled him from the plane fearing it could explode.
Officials said the plane had been flying at about 3,000 feet (914 metres) and hit a tree on the way down.
"There was no explosion or anything. It just sounded like a car hitting the ground or a tree or something. Like that one little bang, and that was it," Jeff Kuprycz, who was playing golf told the Associated Press news agency.
"He ended up crashing around the eighth hole."
Hollywood royalty Ford has more films in the pipeline
Christian Fry of the Santa Monica Airport Association said it was "an absolutely beautifully executed emergency landing by an unbelievably well-trained pilot".
Film producer Ryan Kavanaugh witnessed the accident from his office near the airport where Harrison had taken off.
He told The Hollywood Reporter: "He literally had five seconds, and 99 per cent of pilots would have turned around to go back to the runway and would have crashed - it would have stalled, gone nose first and crashed."
"Harrison did what the best pilots in the world would do," he continued. "He made the correct turn that the plane was designed for with an engine out."
'Moderate trauma'
After crash-landing, Ford was initially treated by two doctors who happened to be at the golf course.
Fire Department spokesman Patrick Butler said the LAFD received a 911 emergency call at 14:20 (22:20 GMT) and attended to a "medium-to-high impact" plane crash at the Penmar Golf Course.
The plane crashed just short of the Santa Monica Municipal Airport
There have been calls from local people to close Santa Monica airport, which is situated in a residential district, because of concerns about safety and noise.
Later this year, Ford is reprising his role of Han Solo in the latest addition to the Star Wars franchise, Star Wars: The Force Awakens.
He broke his leg in June last year on set at Pinewood Studios while filming a scene involving a door on the Millennium Falcon spaceship.
Ford took up flying when he was in his 50s and is also trained to fly helicopters.
In 1999, Ford crash-landed his helicopter during a training flight in Los Angeles but both he and the instructor were unhurt.
A year later a plane he was flying had to make an emergency landing at Lincoln Municipal Airport in Nebraska. Again he and his passenger escaped unhurt after the plane clipped the runway.
'Erasing History' in Nimrud, Iraq
Islamic State bulldozers 'erasing history' in Nimrud, Iraq
IS says ancient shrines and statues - like this Assyrian relief - are "false idols"Archaeologists and cultural officials have expressed heartbreak and outrage about the bulldozing of the ancient Assyrian city of Nimrud in Iraq.
Islamic State militants began demolishing the site on Thursday, Iraqi officials said.
The UN cultural body's Iraq director, Alex Plathe, called it "another appalling attack on Iraq's heritage".
"They are erasing our history," Iraqi archaeologist Dr Lamia al-Gailanitold the BBC.
IS says ancient shrines and statues are "false idols" that have to be smashed.
Many of Nimrud's artefacts have been transferred to museums in Baghdad and overseas, but giant "lamassu" statues - winged bulls with human heads - remain on site
Nimrud lies just south-east of Mosul, where militants attacked artefacts with sledgehammers last week
Nimrud, which was founded in the 13th Century BC, lies about 30km (18 miles) south-east of Mosul.
Many of the artefacts found there have been moved to museums in Baghdad and overseas, but larger artefacts remain on site.
'Levelled'
Nimrud covers a large area, and it is not yet clear whether it has been totally destroyed, says the BBC's Jim Muir in Beirut, neighbouring Lebanon.
But a local tribal source told Reuters news agency: "Islamic State members came to the Nimrud archaeological city and looted the valuables in it and then they proceeded to level the site to the ground.
"There used to be statues and walls as well as a castle that Islamic State has destroyed completely."
Wednesday, 4 March 2015
UK bomb plot suspect Abid Naseer found guilty
A Pakistani man extradited from the UK to the US has been convicted for plotting attacks in several countries.
Abid Naseer, 28, was found guilty by a New York jury of providing material support to al-Qaeda and conspiracy to use a destructive device.
He faces up to life imprisonment at sentencing.
Evidence at Naseer's trial included a document found in the raid of the bin Laden compound and MI5 officers testifying in wigs.
A jury took returned the verdict after a day of deliberation following closing arguments on Monday.
Prosecutors argued Naseer was part of a broader al-Qaeda conspiracy to attack various Western locations, including a Manchester shopping centre and the New York subway system.
Abid Naseer (seen here in 2010) was previously arrested in the UK over a bomb plot in Manchester
In closing arguments on Monday, prosecutors said Naseer lied about his history during his defence, including becoming radicalised in Pakistan.
"If the defendant hadn't been stopped, hundreds of innocent men, women and children wouldn't be alive today," prosecutor Zainab Ahmed said during closing arguments.
"The defendant has something to hide," Ms Ahmed said, according to the New York Daily News.
"He was trying to cover up his motive for revenge against the United States and its Nato allies. Revenge was the defendant's motive."
Naseer, who represented himself in court, said in closing arguments the prosecution had not directly connected him to al-Qaeda.
He insisted his emails were simply harmless banter about finding a wife.
The trial heard from MI5 operatives dressed in wigs and make-up
"He wanted to settle down," Naseer said speaking in the third person on Monday. "Is there anything wrong with that?"
His defence was largely based on his own testimony and cross-examining prosecution witnesses.
Prosecutors brought in MI5 agents who had previously tracked Naseer in 2009 at a shopping centre in the UK.
They also relied on the testimony of two co-conspirators who pleaded guilty to the subway plot - Najibullah Zazi and Zarein Ahmedzay - who said certain words in Naseer's emails about marriage were code.
The New York jury were also presented a letter to Osama Bin Laden outlining planned attacks.
Taken during a US Navy Seal raid on the al-Qaeda chief's Pakistan home in 2011, the papers made no mention of Manchester specifically and did not mention the defendant's name.
In the letter to Bin Laden, the author says "brothers" had been dispatched to Britain, Russia and Europe but that some had been arrested.
Iraqi forces seek to encircle IS fighters in Tikrit
IS-held areas of Tikrit have come under heavy bombardment since the offensive began
Iraqi army soldiers and Shia militiamen are seeking to encircle Islamic State fighters in Tikrit, on the third day of a major operation to retake the city.
State-run al-Iraqiya TV said government forces were "advancing" but progress has been slowed by roadside bombs.
Security sources said they had captured villages and oil fields east of the city, and blocked a key IS supply line to neighbouring Diyala province.
The offensive is being overseen at least in part by an Iranian general.
On Tuesday, the top US general said Iran's role in Tikrit could be positive, as long as it did not fuel sectarian tensions.
'Suffocate then pounce'
Some 30,000 soldiers and militiamen from the Popular Mobilisation (Hashid Shaabi) force, backed by Iraqi jets and helicopters, have advanced gradually since the offensive began on Monday.
On Wednesday, a source in the Samarra Operations Command told the BBC that government forces had taken control of the village of al-Maibdi, on the road between Tikrit and the Kurdish-controlled city of Kirkuk, as well as the nearby Ajil and Alas oilfields. The road was a key supply route for IS between Salahuddin and Diyala provinces, the source said.
Soldiers and militiamen have recaptured several towns and villages surrounding Tikrit
Another official told All Iraq News that the villages of Siha and Mazraat al-Rahim, just to the north of Tikrit in al-Alam district, had also been retaken.
However, the soldiers and militiamen have not breached IS defences around Tikrit and al-Dour, a town 19km (12 miles) to the south, which officials say is another stronghold of the jihadist group.
Military officials said on Tuesday that al-Dour had been surrounded and sealed off, but that an assault on the town had not yet been launched.
Popular Mobilisation
Iranian-backed Shia militiamen have played a key role in forcing IS to retreat north of Baghdad
The Popular Mobilisation (Hashid Shaabi), comprising dozens of Shia militia, takes a lead role in Iraqi operations against IS
It was formed by the Shia-led government in June 2014 after the army collapsed in the face of an advance by IS across northern Iraq
Thousands volunteered to fight after Iraq's most senior Shia cleric, Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani, called on people to take up arms and defend their country and its holy sites
Iran provides funding, weapons and military advisers to militia in the Popular Mobilisation, and reportedly controls several of them directly
The Popular Mobilisation is headed by Jamal Jaafar Mohammed, also known as Abu Mahdi al-Mohandis, a former Badr Organisation commander who is close to Iranian General Qassem Soleimani
Militiamen have been accused of committing atrocities and acting with impunity. Activists say Sunni Arab civilians have been forced from their homes, kidnapped, and in some cases summarily killed
A senior army commander said the operation was focused on preventing IS from launching more attacks, and cutting supply lines to stop reinforcements and weapons reaching Tikrit.
The next step would be to "surround the towns completely, suffocate them and then pounce," Lt Gen Abdul Amir al-Zaidi told the AFP news agency.
Gen Zaidi said progress along roads into Tikrit had been slowed by sniper fire and roadside bombs planted by IS militants since they seized Saddam Hussein's hometown last June. On one 8km (5-mile) stretch of road, soldiers found about 100 mines and bombs.
Sectarianism fears
Troops taking part in the offensive have so far not received the support of US-led coalition aircraft.
Coalition officials said air strikes had not been requested by the Iraqi authorities, but there are reportedly concerns about the prominent role of Iran and its allied Shia militia.
Iranian General Qasem Soleimani, commander of the Revolutionary Guards' Quds Force, was said on Tuesday to have been directing operations from near the frontline east of Tikrit.
A senior commander in the main Shia alliance, Moeen al-Kadhimi, explained his strategy against IS to the BBC's Ahmed Maher
He was seen alongside the leader of the Popular Mobilisation, Abu Mahdi al-Mohandis, and Transport Minister Hadi al-Amiri, who heads the powerful Badr Organisation.
Iranian troops are also reportedly operating artillery, rocket launchers and aerial drones.
Gen Martin Dempsey, chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, said the Tikrit campaign signalled a new level of Iranian involvement but added that it could turn out to be "a positive thing".
"This is the most overt conduct of Iranian support, in the form of artillery and other things," he said in a response to questions from members of the Senate armed services committee.
"Frankly, it will only be a problem if it results in sectarianism."
The UN warned that the operation had to be conducted "with full respect for fundamental human rights principles and humanitarian law" after militia leaders vowed to seek revenge for the massacre of hundreds of soldiers, most of them Shia, at Camp Speicher near Tikrit in June.
Iraqi army soldiers and Shia militiamen are seeking to encircle Islamic State fighters in Tikrit, on the third day of a major operation to retake the city.
State-run al-Iraqiya TV said government forces were "advancing" but progress has been slowed by roadside bombs.
Security sources said they had captured villages and oil fields east of the city, and blocked a key IS supply line to neighbouring Diyala province.
The offensive is being overseen at least in part by an Iranian general.
On Tuesday, the top US general said Iran's role in Tikrit could be positive, as long as it did not fuel sectarian tensions.
'Suffocate then pounce'
Some 30,000 soldiers and militiamen from the Popular Mobilisation (Hashid Shaabi) force, backed by Iraqi jets and helicopters, have advanced gradually since the offensive began on Monday.
On Wednesday, a source in the Samarra Operations Command told the BBC that government forces had taken control of the village of al-Maibdi, on the road between Tikrit and the Kurdish-controlled city of Kirkuk, as well as the nearby Ajil and Alas oilfields. The road was a key supply route for IS between Salahuddin and Diyala provinces, the source said.
Soldiers and militiamen have recaptured several towns and villages surrounding Tikrit
Another official told All Iraq News that the villages of Siha and Mazraat al-Rahim, just to the north of Tikrit in al-Alam district, had also been retaken.
However, the soldiers and militiamen have not breached IS defences around Tikrit and al-Dour, a town 19km (12 miles) to the south, which officials say is another stronghold of the jihadist group.
Military officials said on Tuesday that al-Dour had been surrounded and sealed off, but that an assault on the town had not yet been launched.
Popular Mobilisation
Iranian-backed Shia militiamen have played a key role in forcing IS to retreat north of Baghdad
The Popular Mobilisation (Hashid Shaabi), comprising dozens of Shia militia, takes a lead role in Iraqi operations against IS
It was formed by the Shia-led government in June 2014 after the army collapsed in the face of an advance by IS across northern Iraq
Thousands volunteered to fight after Iraq's most senior Shia cleric, Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani, called on people to take up arms and defend their country and its holy sites
Iran provides funding, weapons and military advisers to militia in the Popular Mobilisation, and reportedly controls several of them directly
The Popular Mobilisation is headed by Jamal Jaafar Mohammed, also known as Abu Mahdi al-Mohandis, a former Badr Organisation commander who is close to Iranian General Qassem Soleimani
Militiamen have been accused of committing atrocities and acting with impunity. Activists say Sunni Arab civilians have been forced from their homes, kidnapped, and in some cases summarily killed
A senior army commander said the operation was focused on preventing IS from launching more attacks, and cutting supply lines to stop reinforcements and weapons reaching Tikrit.
The next step would be to "surround the towns completely, suffocate them and then pounce," Lt Gen Abdul Amir al-Zaidi told the AFP news agency.
Gen Zaidi said progress along roads into Tikrit had been slowed by sniper fire and roadside bombs planted by IS militants since they seized Saddam Hussein's hometown last June. On one 8km (5-mile) stretch of road, soldiers found about 100 mines and bombs.
Sectarianism fears
Troops taking part in the offensive have so far not received the support of US-led coalition aircraft.
Coalition officials said air strikes had not been requested by the Iraqi authorities, but there are reportedly concerns about the prominent role of Iran and its allied Shia militia.
Iranian General Qasem Soleimani, commander of the Revolutionary Guards' Quds Force, was said on Tuesday to have been directing operations from near the frontline east of Tikrit.
A senior commander in the main Shia alliance, Moeen al-Kadhimi, explained his strategy against IS to the BBC's Ahmed Maher
He was seen alongside the leader of the Popular Mobilisation, Abu Mahdi al-Mohandis, and Transport Minister Hadi al-Amiri, who heads the powerful Badr Organisation.
Iranian troops are also reportedly operating artillery, rocket launchers and aerial drones.
Gen Martin Dempsey, chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, said the Tikrit campaign signalled a new level of Iranian involvement but added that it could turn out to be "a positive thing".
"This is the most overt conduct of Iranian support, in the form of artillery and other things," he said in a response to questions from members of the Senate armed services committee.
"Frankly, it will only be a problem if it results in sectarianism."
The UN warned that the operation had to be conducted "with full respect for fundamental human rights principles and humanitarian law" after militia leaders vowed to seek revenge for the massacre of hundreds of soldiers, most of them Shia, at Camp Speicher near Tikrit in June.
Million dollar motor: When an ordinary car is not enough
What do you buy when an ordinary luxury car is just not good enough? How about a Dartz Prombron?
This monster is built on a Mercedes-Benz chassis. The list of options and features is breathtaking: V8 or V12 six-litre engine, a top speed of 194mph (312km/h), armour-plating, bullet-proof windows, electrified door handles, a choice of exotic leather interiors, dual petrol tanks, signal jammer... the list is almost endless.
The vehicle, which costs at least $1.1m (£730,000; €1m), is the brainchild of Leonard Yankelovich. He was born and grew up in Latvia, when it was still part of the Soviet Union. He trained as an engineer, and made a fortune from customising windows and other car parts in the 1990s.
The Dartz workshop and offices are located on the site of the old Russo-Baltic works in Latvia's capital Riga, where in the past luxury train carriages were made, as well as early models of armoured cars.
The car's body is armour-plated to enable a driver to make a quick getaway in the event of a shooting
"I am continuing a tradition," says Mr Yankelovich.
After a period of doing increasingly elaborate customisation work, Mr Yankelovich eventually moved into creating vehicles aimed at a new target market - the ultra wealthy.
"Rich people are strange people," he says.
He mentions that he has a client from the UAE who owned a Bugatti sports car, and who then became dissatisfied when his friends also bought Bugattis.
Luxury is too common a word… luxury you can buy in a supermarket. I use the word opulence.
Leonard Yankelovich, Dartz
He says it's like "two ladies [who] will hate to come to a party [wearing] the same dress".
Mr Yankelovich says his customers are often driven by a need to own something exclusive. Essentially they want something that other people cannot have, and that has been made especially for them.
In order to serve this market, he says he has to go beyond ordinary luxury.
"Luxury is too common a word… luxury you can buy in a supermarket," he says. "I use the word opulence."
One way to achieve this is through attention to detail. For example, buttons in the car are often gold-plated or made from titanium rather than plastic.
For Mr Yankelovich the aim is to commemorate the glories of the past when, in items made for Russian tsars, sometimes parts like screws would be engraved with the owner's name. Though unseen, the owner would know they were there.
"That's opulence," he says.
The Prombron is believed to be the world's most expensive SUV
All the car's internal features, such as the steering wheel, are finished with a high level of detail
The car windows are extra thick to protect passengers from any kind of attack
But trying to achieve this goal has sometimes caused him trouble. Amongst the exotic coverings that could be used to finish the car's interior he once suggested that whale penis leather could be an option.
A storm of protests followed, including objections from the actress Pamela Anderson. Mr Yankelovich backed down, although Dartz still offers a wide range of other leather finishes, including crocodile.
Another key selling point for the vehicle is protection. Armour-plating is built into the body of the car, rather than being bolted on afterwards and even the bonnet is armoured.
Mr Yankelovich says this is sometimes overlooked but is very important. If the bonnet is not protected, an attacker might be able to shoot at the engine and disable the vehicle, and then would be free to attack the car and its occupants at leisure.
The aim, he says, is not to build a tank, but to enable the car to get away as quickly as possible if a shot is fired - so there is no time for a second shot.
A Dartz car featured in the Sacha Baron Cohen film The Dictator
It may be this aspect that has attracted the interests of Hollywood filmmakers. Dartz cars have featured in several movies, including The Dictator.
A Dartz vehicle does not come cheap. Mr Yankelovich is coy about the exact price, partly because each model is individually made, and the huge range of options mean that final prices will vary a lot. However, he indicates that a vehicle is unlikely to cost less than a million euros.
Mr Yankelovich says he has had some success with his business, with sales to customers in several parts of the world. The biggest challenge though is to find more customers and grow the business further.
But does Dartz's approach provide the basis for a viable long-term business model?
This monster is built on a Mercedes-Benz chassis. The list of options and features is breathtaking: V8 or V12 six-litre engine, a top speed of 194mph (312km/h), armour-plating, bullet-proof windows, electrified door handles, a choice of exotic leather interiors, dual petrol tanks, signal jammer... the list is almost endless.
The vehicle, which costs at least $1.1m (£730,000; €1m), is the brainchild of Leonard Yankelovich. He was born and grew up in Latvia, when it was still part of the Soviet Union. He trained as an engineer, and made a fortune from customising windows and other car parts in the 1990s.
The Dartz workshop and offices are located on the site of the old Russo-Baltic works in Latvia's capital Riga, where in the past luxury train carriages were made, as well as early models of armoured cars.
The car's body is armour-plated to enable a driver to make a quick getaway in the event of a shooting
"I am continuing a tradition," says Mr Yankelovich.
After a period of doing increasingly elaborate customisation work, Mr Yankelovich eventually moved into creating vehicles aimed at a new target market - the ultra wealthy.
"Rich people are strange people," he says.
He mentions that he has a client from the UAE who owned a Bugatti sports car, and who then became dissatisfied when his friends also bought Bugattis.
Luxury is too common a word… luxury you can buy in a supermarket. I use the word opulence.
Leonard Yankelovich, Dartz
He says it's like "two ladies [who] will hate to come to a party [wearing] the same dress".
Mr Yankelovich says his customers are often driven by a need to own something exclusive. Essentially they want something that other people cannot have, and that has been made especially for them.
In order to serve this market, he says he has to go beyond ordinary luxury.
"Luxury is too common a word… luxury you can buy in a supermarket," he says. "I use the word opulence."
One way to achieve this is through attention to detail. For example, buttons in the car are often gold-plated or made from titanium rather than plastic.
For Mr Yankelovich the aim is to commemorate the glories of the past when, in items made for Russian tsars, sometimes parts like screws would be engraved with the owner's name. Though unseen, the owner would know they were there.
"That's opulence," he says.
The Prombron is believed to be the world's most expensive SUV
All the car's internal features, such as the steering wheel, are finished with a high level of detail
The car windows are extra thick to protect passengers from any kind of attack
But trying to achieve this goal has sometimes caused him trouble. Amongst the exotic coverings that could be used to finish the car's interior he once suggested that whale penis leather could be an option.
A storm of protests followed, including objections from the actress Pamela Anderson. Mr Yankelovich backed down, although Dartz still offers a wide range of other leather finishes, including crocodile.
Another key selling point for the vehicle is protection. Armour-plating is built into the body of the car, rather than being bolted on afterwards and even the bonnet is armoured.
Mr Yankelovich says this is sometimes overlooked but is very important. If the bonnet is not protected, an attacker might be able to shoot at the engine and disable the vehicle, and then would be free to attack the car and its occupants at leisure.
The aim, he says, is not to build a tank, but to enable the car to get away as quickly as possible if a shot is fired - so there is no time for a second shot.
A Dartz car featured in the Sacha Baron Cohen film The Dictator
It may be this aspect that has attracted the interests of Hollywood filmmakers. Dartz cars have featured in several movies, including The Dictator.
A Dartz vehicle does not come cheap. Mr Yankelovich is coy about the exact price, partly because each model is individually made, and the huge range of options mean that final prices will vary a lot. However, he indicates that a vehicle is unlikely to cost less than a million euros.
Mr Yankelovich says he has had some success with his business, with sales to customers in several parts of the world. The biggest challenge though is to find more customers and grow the business further.
But does Dartz's approach provide the basis for a viable long-term business model?
Magic 'metamaterials' storm physics
One material on display was a rubber slab with programmable stiffness
Physicists are abuzz with possibilities for "metamaterials" that can be designed to have surprising properties.
Tweaking the structure of materials to manipulate things like their appearance is already fairly well-known; the next phase is changing their mechanics.
A major conference is alive with ideas, designs and samples including springy ceramics, unfeelability cloaks and programmable rubber sponges.
They could help build spacecraft tiles or even terrain-sensitive shoe soles.
"I think this idea of metamaterials is slowly migrating into different areas," said Prof Martin Wegener, from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany.
"Originally the excitement was all about electromagnetism - and then it went to totally different areas like thermodynamics and, lately, mechanics."
Prof Wegner also told the BBC that the term "metamaterial" has been applied to all sorts of weird and wonderful designs, without much consistency - but that it usually refers to a case where unusual properties jump out, which would not be expected from the original ingredients.
Now you feel it
Prof Wegener works on cloaking, but his aim is not to make things invisible. He wants to hide them from physical forces, and last year his lab produced a honeycomb-like material that made an object beneath it unfeelable.
This particular metamaterial was a solid lattice that acts like a fluid in certain ways, deflecting pressure around its hidden cargo.
A small honeycomb structure cloaked the cylinder beneath from being felt
Now the tiny, hidden cylinder was very small in that case (less than 1mm) but related work by Prof Wegener's team was picked up by French physicists and engineers, who showed that a careful pattern of drilled holes could divert damaging earthquake vibrations.
Turning the ground itself into a sort of metamaterial, it seems, might go so far as to protect a power station from a tremor.
Here at the American Physical Society's March Meeting, Prof Wegener presented his latest work - which includes cloaking a hole at the centre of a flat sheet - saying: "It’s a design principle. You can apply it to anything you want."
Set your sole
Elsewhere at the meeting, Bastiaan Florijn, a final-year PhD student at Leiden University in the Netherlands, showed reporters what he calls thefirst ever mechanically "programmable" material.
It is a surprisingly low-tech looking slab of rubber, punched with an array of holes. But those holes, of two sizes, are specifically designed so that they can compress either vertically or sideways - and that switch is controlled by adding a small clamp.
The end result is a sort of oversized sponge that can be stiff, or soft, or flit between the two at a specific stage of the squeeze.
Prof Bertoldi has worked on metal 'metamaterials' to improve engine components
If it switches to become softer while still under pressure, this is known as "negative stiffness" - a property so weird that Mr Florijn said he still hasn't worked out an application for it.
But the slabs have another property that could be immensely useful: they absorb energy.
"Imagine a car bumper that you can program - for instance, if you drive in a neighbourhood with a lot of small kids, you want to have a very soft bumper," Mr Florign said.
"But then if you're going fast on the highway, you want it to be stiff." He and his colleagues are also talking to shoe companies, who are interested in producing soles that adjust to different terrain.
Saving engines
Prof Katia Bertoldi of Harvard University also studies strange, elastic materials like this, which have a negative "Poisson ratio".
This means that when you compress them, instead of squashing out to the sides and getting both flatter and wider, they actually shrink in all directions.
Then when stretched, they expand in all directions. Prof Bertoldi's team has engineered various useful properties into such materials, including making them absorb sound at different frequencies when squeezed.
The Poisson ratio can also affect fatigue in a metal - so she has worked with Rolls Royce to design engine components with complex slits wound into them, which withstand many more cycles of compression before breaking.
To get unique properties, Prof Bertoldi said, "we can either engineer complex building blocks, or use simple ones and arrange them in an interesting way".
Tubular bounce
A team at the California Institute of Technology, meanwhile, has madevery small ceramics that do something entirely unprecedented: they spring back after being squashed by up to 50%.
They used a technique that builds material one atomic layer at a time, to create a network of hollow ceramic tubes.
The tube walls are just a few nanometres thick (millionths of a millimetre) and the whole lattice is thinner than a piece of paper.
The group's latest ceramic designs use a lattice of lattices, rather like the Eiffel Tower
"I could have several in my hand now and you wouldn’t know," said PhD student Lucas Meza.
Their raw material is aluminium oxide, which is stronger than steel - but like most ceramics, it is usually terribly brittle.
With the right thickness in the tube walls, however, these tiny specimens simply rebound from a blow. They are still far, far too small to be useful, but with enough investment Mr Meza is sure the ceramics will find a home, particularly "in places where our normal materials don't work".
Spacecraft or jet engines, for example, might use ceramic tiling rather than a metal shell, in order to withstand heat.
Physicists are abuzz with possibilities for "metamaterials" that can be designed to have surprising properties.
Tweaking the structure of materials to manipulate things like their appearance is already fairly well-known; the next phase is changing their mechanics.
A major conference is alive with ideas, designs and samples including springy ceramics, unfeelability cloaks and programmable rubber sponges.
They could help build spacecraft tiles or even terrain-sensitive shoe soles.
"I think this idea of metamaterials is slowly migrating into different areas," said Prof Martin Wegener, from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany.
"Originally the excitement was all about electromagnetism - and then it went to totally different areas like thermodynamics and, lately, mechanics."
Prof Wegner also told the BBC that the term "metamaterial" has been applied to all sorts of weird and wonderful designs, without much consistency - but that it usually refers to a case where unusual properties jump out, which would not be expected from the original ingredients.
Now you feel it
Prof Wegener works on cloaking, but his aim is not to make things invisible. He wants to hide them from physical forces, and last year his lab produced a honeycomb-like material that made an object beneath it unfeelable.
This particular metamaterial was a solid lattice that acts like a fluid in certain ways, deflecting pressure around its hidden cargo.
A small honeycomb structure cloaked the cylinder beneath from being felt
Now the tiny, hidden cylinder was very small in that case (less than 1mm) but related work by Prof Wegener's team was picked up by French physicists and engineers, who showed that a careful pattern of drilled holes could divert damaging earthquake vibrations.
Turning the ground itself into a sort of metamaterial, it seems, might go so far as to protect a power station from a tremor.
Here at the American Physical Society's March Meeting, Prof Wegener presented his latest work - which includes cloaking a hole at the centre of a flat sheet - saying: "It’s a design principle. You can apply it to anything you want."
Set your sole
Elsewhere at the meeting, Bastiaan Florijn, a final-year PhD student at Leiden University in the Netherlands, showed reporters what he calls thefirst ever mechanically "programmable" material.
It is a surprisingly low-tech looking slab of rubber, punched with an array of holes. But those holes, of two sizes, are specifically designed so that they can compress either vertically or sideways - and that switch is controlled by adding a small clamp.
The end result is a sort of oversized sponge that can be stiff, or soft, or flit between the two at a specific stage of the squeeze.
Prof Bertoldi has worked on metal 'metamaterials' to improve engine components
If it switches to become softer while still under pressure, this is known as "negative stiffness" - a property so weird that Mr Florijn said he still hasn't worked out an application for it.
But the slabs have another property that could be immensely useful: they absorb energy.
"Imagine a car bumper that you can program - for instance, if you drive in a neighbourhood with a lot of small kids, you want to have a very soft bumper," Mr Florign said.
"But then if you're going fast on the highway, you want it to be stiff." He and his colleagues are also talking to shoe companies, who are interested in producing soles that adjust to different terrain.
Saving engines
Prof Katia Bertoldi of Harvard University also studies strange, elastic materials like this, which have a negative "Poisson ratio".
This means that when you compress them, instead of squashing out to the sides and getting both flatter and wider, they actually shrink in all directions.
Then when stretched, they expand in all directions. Prof Bertoldi's team has engineered various useful properties into such materials, including making them absorb sound at different frequencies when squeezed.
The Poisson ratio can also affect fatigue in a metal - so she has worked with Rolls Royce to design engine components with complex slits wound into them, which withstand many more cycles of compression before breaking.
To get unique properties, Prof Bertoldi said, "we can either engineer complex building blocks, or use simple ones and arrange them in an interesting way".
Tubular bounce
A team at the California Institute of Technology, meanwhile, has madevery small ceramics that do something entirely unprecedented: they spring back after being squashed by up to 50%.
They used a technique that builds material one atomic layer at a time, to create a network of hollow ceramic tubes.
The tube walls are just a few nanometres thick (millionths of a millimetre) and the whole lattice is thinner than a piece of paper.
The group's latest ceramic designs use a lattice of lattices, rather like the Eiffel Tower
"I could have several in my hand now and you wouldn’t know," said PhD student Lucas Meza.
Their raw material is aluminium oxide, which is stronger than steel - but like most ceramics, it is usually terribly brittle.
With the right thickness in the tube walls, however, these tiny specimens simply rebound from a blow. They are still far, far too small to be useful, but with enough investment Mr Meza is sure the ceramics will find a home, particularly "in places where our normal materials don't work".
Spacecraft or jet engines, for example, might use ceramic tiling rather than a metal shell, in order to withstand heat.
Stepbrother charged with Becky Watts murder in Bristol
Becky Watts went missing from her family home on 19 February
Nathan Matthews, the stepbrother of missing 16-year-old Becky Watts, has been charged with her murder, Avon and Somerset Police have said.
His girlfriend, Shauna Hoare, 21, also known as Shauna Phillips, has been charged with attempting to pervert the course of justice.
The pair, of Cotton Mill Lane, Bristol, are due before magistrates on Thursday.
Four other men and a woman, all in their 20s, are still being questioned on suspicion of assisting an offender.
Mr Matthews and Ms Hoare are due to appear at Bristol Magistrates Court at 10:00 GMT on Thursday.
Ms Hoare was last night taken to hospital by officers after "feeling unwell" in custody but returned after being seen by a doctor, police previously said.
Becky, who was described by her family as "wonderful", was last seen on 19 February and was reported missing the following day.
Nathan Matthews and Shauna Hoare were arrested at the weekend
Floral tributes have been left outside Becky's home in St George, Bristol
On Tuesday, body parts were found at a house in Barton Hill, Bristol.
Floral tributes have been left outside Becky's home and near the house where the body parts were found.
A fundraising page has also been set up to help pay for Becky's funeral.
St Ambrose Church, near the family home, is to hold a special hour-long service from 20:00.
On Thursday, the church will also open from 10:30 to 21:00 for people to light candles in the 16-year-old's memory.
A book of condolence has also been placed there.
The Right Reverend Mike Hill, Bishop of Bristol, paid tribute to Becky's family and said he had been "deeply" affected by the death.
"I feel sure that people both of faith and of no faith will join with me in wishing to support the friends and family of Becky Watts," he said.
On Wednesday morning, magistrates granted police a further 24 hours to question the two men aged 29, two aged 23 and a woman aged 23 who had been arrested earlier in the week on suspicion of assisting an offender.
Nathan Matthews, the stepbrother of missing 16-year-old Becky Watts, has been charged with her murder, Avon and Somerset Police have said.
His girlfriend, Shauna Hoare, 21, also known as Shauna Phillips, has been charged with attempting to pervert the course of justice.
The pair, of Cotton Mill Lane, Bristol, are due before magistrates on Thursday.
Four other men and a woman, all in their 20s, are still being questioned on suspicion of assisting an offender.
Mr Matthews and Ms Hoare are due to appear at Bristol Magistrates Court at 10:00 GMT on Thursday.
Ms Hoare was last night taken to hospital by officers after "feeling unwell" in custody but returned after being seen by a doctor, police previously said.
Becky, who was described by her family as "wonderful", was last seen on 19 February and was reported missing the following day.
Nathan Matthews and Shauna Hoare were arrested at the weekend
Floral tributes have been left outside Becky's home in St George, Bristol
On Tuesday, body parts were found at a house in Barton Hill, Bristol.
Floral tributes have been left outside Becky's home and near the house where the body parts were found.
A fundraising page has also been set up to help pay for Becky's funeral.
St Ambrose Church, near the family home, is to hold a special hour-long service from 20:00.
On Thursday, the church will also open from 10:30 to 21:00 for people to light candles in the 16-year-old's memory.
A book of condolence has also been placed there.
The Right Reverend Mike Hill, Bishop of Bristol, paid tribute to Becky's family and said he had been "deeply" affected by the death.
"I feel sure that people both of faith and of no faith will join with me in wishing to support the friends and family of Becky Watts," he said.
On Wednesday morning, magistrates granted police a further 24 hours to question the two men aged 29, two aged 23 and a woman aged 23 who had been arrested earlier in the week on suspicion of assisting an offender.
'First human' discovered in Ethiopia
The
Scientists have unearthed the jawbone of what they claim is one of the very first humans.
The 2.8 million-year-old specimen is 400,000 years older than researchers thought that our kind first emerged.
The discovery in Ethiopia suggests climate change spurred the transition from tree dweller to upright walker.
The head of the research team told BBC News that the find gives the first insight into "the most important transitions in human evolution".
This is the most important transition in human evolution”Prof Brian VillmoareUniversity of Nevada
Prof Brian Villmoare of the University of Nevada in Las Vegas said the discovery makes a clear link between an iconic 3.2 million-year-old hominin (human-like primate) discovered in the same area in 1974, called "Lucy".
Could Lucy's kind - which belonged to the species Australopithecus afarensis - have evolved into the very first primitive humans?
"That's what we are arguing," said Prof Villmoare.
But the fossil record between the time period when Lucy and her kin were alive and the emergence of Homo erectus (with its relatively large brain and humanlike body proportions) two million years ago is sparse.
The 2.8 million-year-old lower jawbone was found in the Ledi-Geraru research area, Afar Regional State, by Ethiopian student Chalachew Seyoum. He told BBC News that he was "stunned" when he saw the fossil.
"The moment I found it, I realised that it was important, as this is the time period represented by few (human) fossils in Eastern Africa."
The fossil is of the left side of the lower jaw, along with five teeth. The back molar teeth are smaller than those of other hominins living in the area and are one of the features that distinguish humans from more primitive ancestors, according to Professor William Kimbel, director of Arizona State University's Institute of Human Origins.
These new studies challenge us to consider the very definition of what it is to be human”Prof Chris StringerNatural History Museum, London
"Previously, the oldest fossil attributed to the genus Homo was an upper jaw from Hadar, Ethiopia, dated to 2.35m years ago," he told BBC News.
"So this new discovery pushes the human line back by 400,000 years or so, very close to its likely (pre-human) ancestor. Its mix of primitive and advanced features makes the Ledi jaw a good transitional form between (Lucy) and later humans."
A computer reconstruction of a skull belonging to the species Homo habilis, which has been published in Nature journal, indicates that it may well have been the evolutionary descendant of the species announced today.
The researcher involved, Prof Fred Spoor of University College London told BBC News that, taken together, the new findings had lifted a veil on a key period in the evolution of our species.
"By discovering a new fossil and re-analysing an old one we have truly contributed to our knowledge of our own evolutionary period, stretching over a million years that had been shrouded in mystery," he said.
Climate change
The dating of the jawbone might help answer one of the key questions in human evolution. What caused some apes to climb down from the trees and make their homes on the ground.
A separate study in Science hints that a change in climate might have been a factor. An analysis of the fossilised plant and animal life in the area suggests that what had once been lush forest had become dry grassland.
As the trees made way for vast plains, apes found a way of exploiting the new environmental niche, developing bigger brains and becoming less reliant on having big jaws and teeth by using tools.
Prof Chris Stringer of the Natural History Museum in London described the discovery as a "big story".
He says the new species clearly does show the earliest step toward human characteristics, but suggests that half a jawbone is not enough to tell just how human it was and does not provide enough evidence to suggest that it was this line that led to us.
The jawbone was found close to the area where Lucy was discovered
He notes that the emergence of human-like characteristics was not unique to Ethiopia.
"The human-like features shown by Australopithecus sediba in South Africa at around 1.95 million years ago are likely to have developed independently of the processes which produced (humans) in East Africa, showing that parallel origins are a distinct possibility," Prof Stringer explained.
This would suggest several different species of humans co-existing in Africa around two million years ago with only one of them surviving and eventually evolving into our species, Homo sapiens. It is as if nature was experimenting with different versions of the same evolutionary configuration until one succeeded.
Prof Stringer added: "These new studies leave us with an even more complex picture of early humans than we thought, and they challenge us to consider the very definition of what it is to be human. Are we defined by our small teeth and jaws, our large brain, our long legs, tool-making, or some combination of these traits?"
Scientists have unearthed the jawbone of what they claim is one of the very first humans.
The 2.8 million-year-old specimen is 400,000 years older than researchers thought that our kind first emerged.
The discovery in Ethiopia suggests climate change spurred the transition from tree dweller to upright walker.
The head of the research team told BBC News that the find gives the first insight into "the most important transitions in human evolution".
This is the most important transition in human evolution”Prof Brian VillmoareUniversity of Nevada
Prof Brian Villmoare of the University of Nevada in Las Vegas said the discovery makes a clear link between an iconic 3.2 million-year-old hominin (human-like primate) discovered in the same area in 1974, called "Lucy".
Could Lucy's kind - which belonged to the species Australopithecus afarensis - have evolved into the very first primitive humans?
"That's what we are arguing," said Prof Villmoare.
But the fossil record between the time period when Lucy and her kin were alive and the emergence of Homo erectus (with its relatively large brain and humanlike body proportions) two million years ago is sparse.
The 2.8 million-year-old lower jawbone was found in the Ledi-Geraru research area, Afar Regional State, by Ethiopian student Chalachew Seyoum. He told BBC News that he was "stunned" when he saw the fossil.
"The moment I found it, I realised that it was important, as this is the time period represented by few (human) fossils in Eastern Africa."
The fossil is of the left side of the lower jaw, along with five teeth. The back molar teeth are smaller than those of other hominins living in the area and are one of the features that distinguish humans from more primitive ancestors, according to Professor William Kimbel, director of Arizona State University's Institute of Human Origins.
These new studies challenge us to consider the very definition of what it is to be human”Prof Chris StringerNatural History Museum, London
"Previously, the oldest fossil attributed to the genus Homo was an upper jaw from Hadar, Ethiopia, dated to 2.35m years ago," he told BBC News.
"So this new discovery pushes the human line back by 400,000 years or so, very close to its likely (pre-human) ancestor. Its mix of primitive and advanced features makes the Ledi jaw a good transitional form between (Lucy) and later humans."
A computer reconstruction of a skull belonging to the species Homo habilis, which has been published in Nature journal, indicates that it may well have been the evolutionary descendant of the species announced today.
The researcher involved, Prof Fred Spoor of University College London told BBC News that, taken together, the new findings had lifted a veil on a key period in the evolution of our species.
"By discovering a new fossil and re-analysing an old one we have truly contributed to our knowledge of our own evolutionary period, stretching over a million years that had been shrouded in mystery," he said.
Climate change
The dating of the jawbone might help answer one of the key questions in human evolution. What caused some apes to climb down from the trees and make their homes on the ground.
A separate study in Science hints that a change in climate might have been a factor. An analysis of the fossilised plant and animal life in the area suggests that what had once been lush forest had become dry grassland.
As the trees made way for vast plains, apes found a way of exploiting the new environmental niche, developing bigger brains and becoming less reliant on having big jaws and teeth by using tools.
Prof Chris Stringer of the Natural History Museum in London described the discovery as a "big story".
He says the new species clearly does show the earliest step toward human characteristics, but suggests that half a jawbone is not enough to tell just how human it was and does not provide enough evidence to suggest that it was this line that led to us.
The jawbone was found close to the area where Lucy was discovered
He notes that the emergence of human-like characteristics was not unique to Ethiopia.
"The human-like features shown by Australopithecus sediba in South Africa at around 1.95 million years ago are likely to have developed independently of the processes which produced (humans) in East Africa, showing that parallel origins are a distinct possibility," Prof Stringer explained.
This would suggest several different species of humans co-existing in Africa around two million years ago with only one of them surviving and eventually evolving into our species, Homo sapiens. It is as if nature was experimenting with different versions of the same evolutionary configuration until one succeeded.
Prof Stringer added: "These new studies leave us with an even more complex picture of early humans than we thought, and they challenge us to consider the very definition of what it is to be human. Are we defined by our small teeth and jaws, our large brain, our long legs, tool-making, or some combination of these traits?"
Boston bombing trial: Tsarnaev lawyer admits his guilt
The trial of the man accused of bombing the Boston Marathon two years ago has begun, with his defence lawyer telling the jury he committed the crime.
"It was him," the lawyer said as she prepared to defend Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's actions by saying he had been influenced by his older brother.
Mr Tsarnaev, 21, could face the death penalty and is charged with more than 30 counts relating to the bombings.
It was the deadliest terror attack on US soil since 9/11.
Speaking before the defence, a federal prosecutor said in opening statements on Wednesday that Tsarnaev had "murder in his heart" when he placed the bomb.
In 2013, Mr Tsarnaev pleaded not guilty to all charges related to the attack.
The left side of the court was filled with about two dozen of the attack's victims as the trial began.
Three people, including an eight-year-old boy, were killed after two pressure cooker bombs packed with nails, ball bearings and other shrapnel detonated in April 2013.
More than 260 people were injured, with many losing limbs.
A member of Mr Tsarnaev's defence team walks into the court Wednesday morning
Many victims of the bombings attended the first day of the trial
Opening statements
The prosecutor delivered his statements first. Mr Tsarnaev's lead defence attorney followed, and immediately shocked the court by candidly telling the jury that he was responsible for the attack.
The 21-year-old suspect slouched in his chair and stared straight ahead as the prosecutor, William Weinreb, began his opening statement.
Detailing the scene near the finish line just under two years ago, the prosecutor said: "The air was filled with the smell of burning sulphur and people's screams."
Mr Weinreb described the backpack bomb that Mr Tsarnaev allegedly planted at the finish as "the type of bombs favoured by terrorists because it's designed to tear people apart and create a bloody spectacle."
Among those in attendance were Denise and Bill Richard, whose 8-year-old son, Martin, died in the bombings.
As they looked on, the prosecutor told the jury that Ms Richard watched helplessly as "the bomb tore large chunks of flesh out of Martin Richard".
The boy had been standing on a metal barrier with other children so that he could better see the runners crossing the finish line.
Heather Abbott, who lost a leg in the attack, sat near the Richard family.
"While victims of the bombing lay in the hospital and learned that they would have to have their limbs chopped off to save their lives, the defendant pretended that nothing had happened," Mr Weinreb said, noting that Mr Tsarnaev returned to socialise with his friends at the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth following the attack.
The two bombs detonated at the finishing line of the Boston Marathon
Judy Clarke, a famed attorney who has represented a number of high-profile suspects in the past, began her opening remarks by saying: "It was him."
She said that her team would not attempt to "sidestep" Mr Tsarnaev's guilt in carrying out the "senseless, horribly misguided acts carried out by two brothers".
Instead, she will argue that his elder brother, Tamerlan, was the mastermind of the plot and coerced the younger sibling into being a submissive participant.
After the lawyers concluded their opening statements, several witnesses were brought before the jury to testify.
The jurors were also shown a video of one of the explosions. It showed a huge blast of smoke, and several police officers running to the scene.
Mr Tsarnaev is also accused of killing a police officer in the days after the bombing.
A huge police manhunt followed the attacks, culminating in Mr Tsarnaev's arrest and the death of his elder brother.
World's oldest person celebrates 117th birthday in Japan
The world's oldest person, a woman from Japan, is turning 117-years-old.
Misao Okawa, who was born on 5 March 1898 in Osaka, spent time with family the day before her actual birthday, to mark the occasion.
Speaking at Wednesday's celebrations she said that 117 years didn't seem like such a long time.
She now lives in a nursing home in Osaka and staff there said she has slowed down a bit in recent months and has trouble with her hearing.
Despite this she is still in good health and eats well.
Born to a kimono maker, Mrs Okawa married her husband Yukio in 1919. He died in 1931.
They had two daughters and a son. Mrs Okawa now has four grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.
She was officially recognised as the world's oldest person in 2013 by Guinness World Records.
Tuesday, 3 March 2015
"āļ¯āļąේāˇ āļ¸āļ¯ුāļģංāļ āļāļ¯ිāļģිāˇූāļģිāļē"
āļ¸ේ āļ´ොāļ§ෝ āļāļේ āļāļą්āļą āļ¸ිāļුāļģා facebook āļāļą, āˇāļģ්āļŽāļ¸ාāļĢāļēේ āļļොāˇෝāļ¯ෙāļąා āļ¯āļą්āļą āļෙāļąෙāļ් āļāˇු āļąāļ¸ිāļą් "āļ¯āļąේāˇ āļ¸āļ¯ුāļģංāļ āļāļ¯ිāļģිāˇූāļģිāļē" āļāˇු āļļොāˇෝ āļ´ිāļą්āļāļ¸් facebook āļ¸ිāļුāļģ āļ¸ිāļුāļģිāļēāļą් āļāļāļුāļāļģāļෙāļą āˇිāļ¯ුāļāļģāļąāˇා.
āļļāļŊāļą්āļą āļ¸ේ āļ´ොāļ§ෝāļāļ āļāļැāļ¸් āļෙāļąෙāļ් āļ¸ේ āļ āļ¸්āļ¸ා āļŊāļāļ§ āļāļ´āˇ්āļŽාāļą āļāļģāļą්āļą āļිāļēා āļąිāļāļ¸්āˇāļ් āļŊāļą්āˇෙāļą්āļą āļැāļ¸āļිāˇෙāļą්āļąේ āļීāļēෙāļą් āļීāļ¯ෙāļąාāļ¯..? āļļොāˇෝ āļ āļēāļ§ āļāˇෙāļ¸ āļ¯ෙāļēāļ් āļāļģāļą්āļą āļ āļ¸ාāļģුāļēි. āļāˇු āļāļģāļą්āļąේ āˇාāļ¸ාāļą්āļē āļāļģුāļĢāļēෙāļ් āļąොāļāļģāļą āļ¯ෙāļēāļ්. āļ¸ේ āļĄාāļēාāļģූāļ´āļē āļ°āļąේāˇ āļ¸ීāļ§ āļ§ිāļ āļාāļŊෙāļāļ§ āļāļŊිāļą් āļāļ්āļ āļāļāļ්, āļ āļ¯ āˇෙāļ¯්āļ¯ි āļāˇුāļේ profile āļ´ිāļą්āļුāļģāļē āˇිāļ¯ිāˇāļ§ āļāˇු āļāļ āļēොāļ¯ාāļෙāļą āļිāļēෙāļąāˇා. āļ āļිāļēāļą්āļąේ āļāˇුāļ§āļ් āļ¸ේ āļ āˇāˇ්āļŽාāˇ āļāļ¯ිāļą් āˇිāļāļ§ āˇංāˇේāļ¯ී āļ¸āļāļāļēāļ් āļāļąා āļිāļēāļą āļāļāļēි.
āļ¸ිāļුāļģ āļāļļ āˇිāļ¯ුāļāļģāļą āļ´ිāļą්āļāļ¸් āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļ¯āˇ āļ āļ´āļ§ āļąිāļāļģ āļ´ිāļą්āļ´ොāļෙāˇි āˇāļ§āˇāļąāļ් āļැāļļීāļ¸āļ§ āļąොāˇැāļි āļāļąāļ් āļ āˇāˇ්āļŽාāˇ āļŊැāļļෙāļą āˇිāļ¯ිāˇāļ§ āˇිāļ¯ුāļāļģāļą්āļąේ āļāļාāļ¸ āˇāļුāļ§ිāļą්. āļ¸ේ āļ´ිāļą්āļāļ¸āļ් āļāļļ āļģāļ§ේ āˇිāˇිāļ¯ āˇ්āļŽාāļąāˇāļŊ āˇිāļ¯ුāļāļģāļą āļ´ිāļą්āļāļ¸්, āļ´ිāļą් āļ´ොāļෙāˇි āļ āļ´ි āˇāļුāļ§ිāļą් āļ āļąුāļ¸ෝāļ¯āļą් āˇෙāļąāˇා..!
āļāˇāļේāļ¸ āļāļ¯ිāļģිāļēāļ§āļ් āļąොāļēෙāļ් āļ´ිāļą්āļāļ¸් āļāļģāļāļą්āļąāļ§ āļāļļāļ§ āļෙāļģුāˇāļąේ āļ āļąāļą්āļ āļāˇිāļģ්āˇාāļ¯āļē āļŊැāļļේāˇා.!
āˇාāļ¯ු āˇාāļ¯ු āˇාāļ¯ු..!!
āļ´ිāļēāˇි āļāˇ āļģāˇāļ§āļą āˇ්āˇāļˇාāˇ āļ°āļģ්āļ¸āļēේ āļ āļ´ූāļģු āˇිāļ¯ුāˇීāļ¸āļ් āļැāļ¸āļģාāˇāļ āˇāļ§āˇāļą් āˇූ āļ āļēුāļģු
āļ¸ේ āļĄාāļēාāļģූāļ´āļēෙāļą් āļ¯ැāļ්āˇෙāļą āˇිāļ¯්āļ°ිāļē āˇāļģāˇා āˇāļුāļą් āļ āļāļģ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļ āļ´ූāļģු āļ¸ිāļ්āļģāļ්āˇāļēāļ් āˇāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļēෙāļą් āļāļļ āļ¸āˇāļ් āˇāļුāļ§āļ§ āļ´āļ්āˇāļąāˇා āˇāļą්āļąāļ§ āļ´ුāˇ ුāˇāļą.
āļොāˇ āļ´ැāˇැāļි āļොāļ§්āļ§ෝāļģුāˇෙāļු āˇිāˇිāļą් āļ¸ුāļāļ§ි āļ´ැāļ§āˇෙāļ් āļģැāļෙāļą āļ´ිāļēාāļšා āļēāļą āˇංāˇේāļ¯ී āļ¯āļģ්āˇāļąāļēෙāļą් āļāļļ āļුāļŊ්āļ¸āļ් āˇāļąāˇා āˇāļą්āļąāļ§ āˇැāļි āļē.
āļāˇෙāļ්, āļāļļāļේ āļąිāļāļ¸āļą āˇāļ¸්āļ´ූāļģ්āļĢāļēෙāļą් āˇැāļģāļ¯ි āļē.
āļ¸ේ āļ¸ිāļ්āļģāļ්āˇāļēāļ් āļąොāˇේ. āļ āˇිංāˇāļ āļොāļ§්āļ§ෝāļģුāˇෙāļු, āļ¸ුāļāļ§ිāļēෙāļුāļේ āļ්āļģāˇāļĢāļēෙāļą් āļ¸ිāļ¯ී āļ¯ිāˇි āļāļŊāˇා āļැāļąීāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇා āļāļģāļą āļ āļģāļāļŊāļēāļි.
āļ¸ාāļģ්āļ§ිāļą් āļŊී āļ¸ේ āļąāļ¸ැāļි āļංāļāļŊāļą්āļ āļĸාāļිāļāļēෙāļු āļąැāļෙāļąāˇිāļģ āļŊāļą්āļŠāļąāļēේ āļ´ිāˇිāļ§ි Hornchurch Country Park āļąāļ¸ැāļි āļāļ¯්āļēාāļąāļēේāļ¯ී āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļĄාāļēාāļģූāļ´āļē āļෙāļą āļිāļļේ.
āˇිāļąෝāļ¯ාංāˇāļēāļ් āļŊෙāˇ āļĄාāļēාāļģූāļ´ āļැāļąීāļ¸ෙāˇි āļąිāļģāļ āļāˇු āļ´āˇāˇāļą්āļąේ, āˇිāļē āļļිāļģිāļŗ āˇāļ¸āļ āļ āļ¯ාāˇ āļāļ¯්āļēාāļąāļēේ āˇිāļ§ිāļēāļ¯ී āļොāˇ āļ´ැāˇැāļි āļොāļ§්āļ§ෝāļģුāˇෙāļු āļ´ිāļēාāļšා āļෙāļą āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢි āļļāˇ āļē.
āļāˇැāļąි āļොāļ§්āļ§ෝāļģුāˇෙāļු āļāļ¸āļą් āļāļą් āļ´ෙāļģ āļ¯ැāļ āļąොāļිāļļූ āˇෙāļēිāļą් āˇāˇා āļĄාāļēාāļģූāļ´āļēāļ් āļŊāļļා āļāļ් āļļāˇ āļāˇු āļ´āˇāˇāļēි.
āļෙāˇේ āˇෙāļāļ්, āļ āļ¯ාāˇ āļොāļ§්āļ§ෝāļģුāˇා āļෑ āļāˇāļ¸ිāļą් āˇේāļāļēෙāļą් āļ´ිāļēාāļšා āļෙāļą āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢි āļļāˇ āļĄාāļēාāļģූāļ´āļē āļැāļąීāļ¸ෙāļą් āļ´āˇුāˇ āļāˇුāļ§ āˇැāļ§āˇී āļāļ.
āļāļą්āļ´āˇු āļāļ¸ āļොāļ§්āļ§ෝāļģුāˇා āļāˇාāļģāļēāļ§ āļැāļąීāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇා āļ¸ුāļāļ§ි āļ´ැāļ§āˇෙāļු āļāļේ āļļෙāļŊ්āļŊෙāˇි āļāļŊ්āļŊී āˇිāļ§ිāļą āļļāˇ āļ¸ාāļģ්āļ§ිāļą් āļŊී āļ¸ේ āļ¯ැāļ āļිāļļේ.
āļāļē āļ¯ුāļ§ු āˇāˇා āļ¸ āļāļ¸āļą් āļොāļ§්āļ§ෝāļģුāˇා āļļේāļģා āļැāļąීāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇා āļāļ¯ිāļģිāļēāļ§ āļēāļą āļ āļāļģāļුāļģ āļ¸ුāļāļ§ිāļēා āļļිāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ්āˇූ āˇෙāļēිāļą් āļොāļ§්āļ§ෝāļģුāˇා āļ්āļģāˇāļĢāļēෙāļą් āļ¸ිāļ¯ුāļĢු āļļāˇ āļ¸ාāļģ්āļ§ිāļą් āļŊී āļ¸ේ āļ´āˇāˇāļēි.
āļ āļ āļāļģāˇාāļģāļēේ āļොāļ§්āļ§ෝāļģුāˇා āˇāˇා āļāļිāˇ āļොāˇ් āˇිāļē āļĸීāˇිāļāļē āļļේāļģා āļෙāļą āļāļ.
āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯ීāļą්āļේ āˇෙāļ§ āļ¯āˇāˇේ āļ āˇāˇ්āļēāļාāˇ
āˇ්āļģී āļŊංāļාāˇ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇිāˇිāļ°āļ්āˇāļē āˇāˇ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļē āļුāˇ āļāļා āļāˇāˇ āļ āļāļēāļ් āļāļąී. āļ¯āļුāļĢු āļāˇිāļēාāļිāļ āļģāļ§āļāļ§ āļāˇේāļĢිāļ āˇූ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇ්āļēාāļ´්āļිāļē āˇෑāļ¸ āļļිāļ¸් āļ āļāļŊāļ් āļ´ුāļģාāˇāļ§ āļ¸ āļ´ැāļිāļģ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļģāļ§āļ් āļŊෙāˇ āˇ්āļģී āļŊංāļාāˇ āˇැāļŗිāļą්āˇිāļē āˇැāļි āˇුāˇāļ¯ āļ¸ෙāˇි āļ´āˇāļිāļą āˇිāˇේāˇāļ්āˇāļē āˇāļą්āļąේ, āļ āļą් āļāˇිāļēාāļąු āļģāļ§āˇāļŊ්āˇāļŊāļ§ āˇාāļ´ේāļ්āˇāˇ āˇුāˇිāˇේāˇී āļ āļą්āļēāļා āļģැāˇāļිāļą් āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ´āļ¯්āļ°āļිāļē āļ´ැāˇāļීāļ¸āļēි. āļ āļ´ āļĸීāˇāļ්āˇāļą āˇāļ§āļ´ිāļ§ාāˇ āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļē āļŊෙāˇ āˇāļģāļŊāˇ āļ¸ āˇැāļŗිāļą්āˇිāļē āˇැāļ. āļąāļ¸ුāļ් āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇāļģāļŊ āļ āļģ්āļŽāļāļŽāļąāļēāļ§ āļāˇා āļ¯ිāˇ āļිāļē āļāļා āļැāļšුāļģු āļ āļģ්āļŽāļēāļ් āļāļී āļ¸ාāļෘāļාāˇ āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇිāļŊා āļ´āˇāļී.
āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļē āˇා āļāļāļąෙāļāļ§ āļ¯ිāˇāļēāļą āļļුāļ¯්āļ°ිāļ¸āļ් āļ¸ āˇāļ්āļ්āˇ āļොāļ§්āļ¨ාāˇāļē āļ¸ිāļąිāˇා āļŊෙāˇ āˇāļŗුāļąාāļāļ āˇැāļිāļē. āˇāļුāļą්āļ§ āˇාāļ´ේāļ්āˇāˇ āļ āļ´ āˇāļ§ා āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇිāˇිāļ°āļ්āˇāļē āļ āļ´ āˇිāˇිāļą් āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļē āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļāļා āļāˇāˇ āļē. āļ¸ිāļąිāˇා āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ´āļ¯්āļ°āļිāļē āļ āˇāļļෝāļ°āļēāļිāļą් āļොāļģāˇ āļ¯ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļē āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļ¯ āļāļා āļāˇāˇ āļ āļāļēāļ āļ´āˇāļී. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ´āļ¯්āļ°āļිāļē āļ āˇāļļෝāļ°āļēāļą් āļෙāļą් āļොāļģ āˇ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļąāļē āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļąිāˇා āļąූāļāļąāļēේ āļāļි āˇ āļිāļļෙāļą āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļāˇāļ¯ුāļģු āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇි āļŊා āļ¸āˇāļ් āļļāļŊāļ´ෑāļ¸āļ් āˇිāļ¯ු āļොāļ§ āļිāļļේ. āļ¯ෛāļąිāļ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļą āļģāļ§ාāˇāļ§ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļ් āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļē āˇෙāļිāļą් āļ āļ¯ාāˇ āļ¯ෑ āļāļāˇාāļāļąු āļŊāļļāļą āļ¸ිāļąිāˇා āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļē āˇුāļģāļ්āˇිāļ āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļ´ිāļēāˇāļģ āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļ¯āļ්āˇāļąු āļŊāļļāļą්āļąේ āļāļා āļ āļŊ්āļ´ āˇූ āļ´්āļģāļිāļ ාāļģāļēāļි.
āļ්āļģීāļ āļˇාāˇාāˇෙāļą් āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļē āļāļēිāļāˇ් āļŊෙāˇ āˇāļŗුāļą්āˇāļēි. āļāļ¸āļą් āļĸීāˇāļ් āˇāļą āˇāļ§āļ´ිāļ§ාāˇ āˇāˇ āļ āˇāļ¸āļ āļ¯āļ්āˇāļą āļ āļą්āļāļģ් āˇāļļāļŗāļාāˇ āļ¸ෙāˇි āˇāļģāļŊ āļ¸ āļ āļģ්āļŽāļēāļēි. āļ¸ෙāˇි āļ´āˇāļිāļą āˇිāļ¯්āļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļāļŠāˇāˇāļģ āļ āļි āˇිāˇාāļŊ āˇāļą āļ āļāļģ āˇිāļ¯්āļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āˇේāļු āļĩāļŊāˇාāļ¯āļēāļą් āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļē āˇා āļැāļ§ී āļ´āˇāļී. āļĸāļŊāļē, āˇාāļāļē, āˇිāļģුāļāˇ ිāļē, āļāˇāļොāˇ , āˇāļා āˇිāˇ්āļ´ාāˇුāļą්, āļේ āļ¯ොāļģ, āˇāļ¸ුāļ¯්āļģāļē āļ¸ෙāļී āˇිāļēāļŊ්āļŊ āļ¸ āļ āļ´ āļ¯ෛāļąිāļ āˇ āļĸීāˇිāļāļē āļුāˇ āļāļ¯āļļāļŊ āļŊෙāˇ āļāˇුāļģු āļāļģāļąු āļŊāļļāļą āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇාāļ°āļāļēි. āļ¸ෙāļļ āˇාāļ°āļ āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇිāļŊා āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļĸීāˇ āˇිāļ¯්āļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āˇāˇ āļˇෞāļිāļ āˇිāļ¯්āļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇිāļŊා āļŊāļļා āļ¯ිāļē āļēුāļු āˇāļģāļŊ āļ āˇāļļෝāļ°āļēāļ් āļ´ැāˇැāļීāļ¸ āļ āļąිāˇාāļģ්āļēāļē āˇෙāļēි.
āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯āļēේ (Environmental journalism) āļ āˇāˇ්āļēāļාāˇ āļāˇ්āļ¸āļු āˇāļą්āļąේ āļ¸ෙāļී āļāļģුāļĢු āļාāļģāļĢා āˇේāļුāˇෙāļąි. āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēාāˇේāļ¯ිāļēා āļēāļąු āļොāļģāļුāļģු āˇāˇ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇීāļ¸් āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āˇෙāļ āˇāļ¸ීāļ´ āļāļģāˇීāļ¸ āˇāˇ āļāļ¸ āļොāļģāļුāļģු āļ¸āļිāļą් āˇāļ¸ාāļĸāļēāļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ්āļˇාāˇāļē āˇැāļŊāˇීāļ¸ āļēāļą āˇිāˇāļē āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āˇැāļ¯ෑāļģීāļ¸ āˇිāļ¯ු āļāļģāļą āļ´ුāļ¯්āļāļŊāļēාāļēි. āļāļē āˇිāˇāļēāļēāļ් āļŊෙāˇ āļˇාāˇිāļāļē āˇා āļ āˇāļļෝāļ°āļē āļēāļą āļāļģුāļĢු āļ¸āļ āļŊāļļāļą āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļāļ āˇෘāļ්āļීāļēāļි. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇෘāļ්āļීāļē āˇිāˇිāļ° āˇිāˇāļēāļēāļą්āļ§ āˇāļ¸āļාāļ¸ීāˇ āļāļිāļąෙāļāļ§ āˇෙāļąāˇ් āˇුāˇāļ¯ āļāˇුāļą් āˇිāļēāļŊු āļ¯ෙāļąාāļේ āļ¸ āļාāļģ්āļēāļˇාāļģāļē āļොāļģāļුāļģු āˇāˇ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇීāļ¸් āļ´්āļģāˇෘāļ්āļිāļāļ āļිāļģීāļ¸āļēි. āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļē āļēāļą āˇිāˇāļē āˇāļ¸āļාāļ¸ීāˇ āļ¯ āļ¸ෙāˇැāļąි āļ¸ āˇූ āˇෘāļ්āļිāļēāļ් āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āˇේ. āļŊංāļාāˇ āļුāˇ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇෘāļ්āļීāļē āļāˇāļ¯ුāļģāļ§āļ් āļąāˇ āˇෘāļ්āļීāļē āˇ්āˇāļˇාāˇāļēāļ් āˇුāˇ āļ¯ āļēුāļģෝāļ´āļē āˇāˇ āļ āļ´්āļģිāļාāļąු āļģāļ§āˇāļŊ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇෘāļ්āļීāļē āˇāļŠාāļ් āļĸāļąāļ´්āļģිāļē āļ¸ෙāļą් āļ¸ āļĸāļąāļාāˇ āˇāˇ āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇිāļŊා āˇāˇ āˇāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļා āļොāļŠāļąāļāļąු āļŊāļļāļą āˇිāˇāļē āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļēāļ් āļļāˇāļ§ āļ´āļ් āˇී āˇāļ¸ාāļģāļē.
āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļē, āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļāˇේāˇāļĢāļē āļēāļą āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļēෙāļą් āļļිāļŗී āļāˇāļි. āļāˇේāˇāļĢāļē āļēāļą āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļē āļ¯ැāļąāļ§ āˇāļāˇāļģ්āˇ āļිāˇිāļ´āļēāļ āˇිāļ§ āļŊොāˇ āļ´ුāļģා āˇිāļ¯ු āˇූ āļĸāļąāļ´්āļģිāļē āˇිāļąෝāļ¯ āļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāļēāļ් āˇිāļē. āļ¯ේāˇāļāˇේāˇāļ āļ්āļģිāˇ්āļ§ෝāļ´āļģ් āļොāļŊොāļ¸්āļļāˇ් (Christopher Columbus) āļģැāļŊ්āˇ් āˇැāļŊ්āļŠෝ āļāļ¸āļģ්āˇāļģ් (Ralph Waldo Emerson) āˇෙāļą්āļģි āļŠේāˇ්āļŠ් āļෝāļģිāˇ් (Henry David Thoreaw) āļēāļąාāļ¯ීāļą් 19 āˇāļą āˇāļ āˇāļģ්āˇāļēේ āˇāˇ āļĸෝāļą් āļļāļģෝ (John Burrough) āˇāˇ āļĸෝāļą් āļ¸ූāļēිāļģ් (John Muir) 20 āˇāļą āˇāļ āˇāļģ්āˇāļēේāļ් āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļāˇේāˇāļĢ āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļēේ āļ´්āļģāˇීāļĢāļēāļą් āˇූ āļ āļāļģ āļ ාāļŊ්āˇ් āļŠාāˇිāļą් āˇැāļąි āļ´්āļģāļ¸ුāļāļēāļą් āļ¯ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļēේ āļැāļ´ී āļ´ෙāļąේ. āļ¸ොāˇුāļą් āˇිāļē āļāˇේāˇāļĢāļēāļ§ āļ āļ¸āļāļģāˇ āˇිāļ¯ුāļāˇ āˇුāˇිāˇේāˇී āļ¸ āļ්āļģිāļēාāˇāļŊිāļē āˇූāļēේ āˇිāļē āļāˇේāˇāļĢ āļ¯āļ්āļ āˇāļ§āˇāļą් āļāļģ āļැāļļීāļ¸āļēි.
āļāļ¸ āļ¯āļ්āļ āļ´āˇු āļāļŊෙāļ āļ´ුāˇāļ්āļ´āļ් āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇි āļŊා āˇāļ¸ාāļĸāļāļ āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļ´āˇුāļļිāļ¸ āļ´āˇා āļąිāļģ්āļ¸ාāļĢāļē āˇූ āļ āļāļģ āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇිāļŊා āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ´්āļģāˇෘāļ්āļීāļą් āˇāļŠාāļ් āļĸāļąāļ´්āļģිāļē āˇූ āļ āļāļģ āˇැāļŠි āļ āˇāļ°ාāļąāļēāļ් āļ¯ිāļąා āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āˇāļ¸āļ් āˇිāļē. āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āˇිāˇāļē, āˇිāˇāļēāļēāļ් āļŊෙāˇ āˇැāļŠāļැāˇීāļ¸ 1960 āļ¯āˇāļāļēෙāļą් āļ´āˇු āˇිāļ¯ු āˇිāļē. āļ¸ේ āˇා āˇāļ¸āļාāļ¸ීāˇ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇāļą්āļąිāˇේāļ¯āļą āˇිāˇāļē āļāļģāļ¸්āļˇ āˇී āļ´ැāˇāļි āļ āļāļģ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇāļą්āļąිāˇේāļ¯āļąāļēේ āļ¸ āļāˇāļ් āļāļ් āļාāļĢ්āļŠāļēāļ් āļŊෙāˇ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯āļē āˇāļ¸ාāļĸāļāļ āˇිāļē. āļēුāļģෝāļ´āļē āļāˇ්āļģිāļ āˇ āļොāļŠāļąැāļී āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļාāļģ්āļ¸ිāļ āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļē āļąිāˇා āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ´්āļģāˇāļĢāļා āļ¸ොāˇොāļිāļą් āļ¸ොāˇොāļ āļ āļˇිāļēෝāļāļēāļ§ āļŊāļ් āˇිāļē. āļ¸ේ āļąිāˇා āļ¸ිāļąිāˇා āˇāļ§ා āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļēāˇāļ¯ාāļēāļ āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļē āļ āˇāļ´ැāˇැāļēāļ§ āˇෙāļąāˇ් āˇූ āļ āļāļģ āļ¸ේ āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āˇිāˇිāļą් āļąිāļāļģ āļ¯ෙāˇේāļŊේ āļ¸ිāļąිāˇ් āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸ේ āļ āˇāˇ්āļēāļාāˇ āļ´ැāļą āļąැāļිāļĢි. āļ¸ිāļąිāˇාāļේ āļ්āļģිāļēාāˇāļŊීāļą් āˇි āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļ´්āļģāļිāļ´ෝāˇāļĢāļē āļŊෙāˇ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇāļ¸āļුāļŊිāļāļාāˇ āļļිāļŗāˇැāļ§ීāļ¸ āļāļģāļ¸්āļˇ āˇූ āļ āļāļģ āļāļē āļ¸ිāļąිāˇා āˇිāˇිāļą් āļ¸ āļ āˇāļ¸ āļāļģāļāļ āļēුāļු āļļāˇāļ§ āļීāļģāļĢāļē āˇිāļē. āļāˇි āļ āˇāˇාāļąāļē āˇූāļēේ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēාāˇ්āļ¯ීāļą් āˇāļŠාāļ් āˇේāļāļēෙāļą් āˇāļ¸ාāļĸāļāļ āˇීāļ¸āļēි.
āļ āļ āļąුāˇ 1966 āˇිāļ§ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļą්āļēාāļēāļ´āļ්āļģ āˇāļŗුāļą්āˇා āļ¯ීāļ¸ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇිāļē. āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļąීāļි (Environmental Policy) āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļāļ ාāļģ āļ°āļģ්āļ¸ (Environmental Ethics) āļāļ¯ිāļē āˇāļ¸ාāļĸāļāļ āˇිāļē. āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļē āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇි āļŊා āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āˇිāˇිāļ° āˇාāļąිāļ¯ාāļēāļ āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļēāļą් āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯ීāļą් āˇිāˇිāļą් āˇāļŗුāļąාāļāļą්āļąා āļŊāļ¯ āļ āļāļģ āļāˇුāļą් āˇිāˇිāļą් āļāˇාāļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ්āļˇාāˇāļē āļ´ුāˇāļ්āļ´āļ් āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āˇāˇ āˇිāļ¯්āļēුāļ් āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āļāˇ්āˇේ āļ´්āļģāļ ාāļģāļē āļāļģāļą්āļąāļ§ āˇිāļē. āļāˇේāļ¸ āļāļ¸ āˇාāļąිāļ¯ාāļēāļ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ´āļ¯්āļ°āļි āˇුāļģැāļීāļ¸āļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļąීāļි āļģෙāļුāļŊාāˇි āˇැāļāˇීāļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļģāļĸāļēāļ§ āļļāļŊ āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļ¯ āˇිāļ¯ු āˇිāļē. āļ¸ේ āļąිāˇා āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯ීāļą් āļ´්āļģāļ°ාāļą āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āˇෘāļ්āļිāļāļēāļą් āļŊෙāˇ āˇāļ¸ාāļĸāļāļ āˇිāļē. āļāˇුāļą් āļēුāļģෝāļ´āļē āˇāˇ āļ āļ´්āļģිāļාāˇ āļ´ුāļģා āˇේāļāļēෙāļą් āˇ්āļēාāļ´්āļ āˇිāļē. āļ āļ āļąුāˇ 1990 āˇāˇāļģේ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯ීāļą්āļේ āˇāļ¸ාāļĸ āļāˇāļē (Society of Environmental Journalists) āļļිāˇි āˇිāļē. āļāˇුāļą්āļේ āļ´්āļģāļ°ාāļą āļ¸ෙāˇෙāļēāˇāļą්āļąේ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇාāļģ්āļාāļāļģāļĢāļē āļ¸āļිāļą් āļ¸āˇāļĸāļąāļාāˇ āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ්, āļ āˇāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āˇ āļąිāˇැāļģāļ¯ි āļ¸ාāļģ්āļāļē āļ´ෙāļą්āˇා āļ¯ීāļ¸āļ් āļē. āļąූāļāļąāļē āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇāļ¸ාāļĸ āļ්āļģāļ¸āļē āˇිāˇිāļą් āļ¸ෙāˇෙāļēāˇāļąු āļŊāļļāļą āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļēāļą āļāļēāļāļą āļŊොāˇ āļ´ුāļģා āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āˇāļą āļ āļāļģ āļāļ§ āˇāļ¸āļාāļ¸ීāˇ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯ීāˇු āļ¯ āļ්āļģිāļēාāļාāļģී āļ¸āļ§්āļ§āļ¸āļ āˇිāļ§ිāļි.
āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯āļē āļŊංāļාāˇ āˇැāļąි āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇිāˇිāļ°āļ්āˇāļēāļ් āļුāˇ āļ§ āļāļා āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļļāˇ āļ āļ¸ුāļුāˇෙāļą් āļිāˇāļēුāļු āļąො āˇේ. āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇāļą්āļąිāˇේāļ¯āļą āˇිāļ°ිāļ්āļģāļ¸ āˇāļ¸ුāˇේ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇුāļģāļ්āˇිāļāļාāˇ āˇāļ¸ාāļĸāļāļ āļāˇ āļēුāļු āļ āļāļģ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āļ āˇāļāļ¸āļąāļē āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļ¯ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āˇ්āļģී āļŊංāļාāˇ āļුāˇ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇිāˇිāļ°āļ්āˇāļē āˇාāļģ්āļාāļāļ āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ් āļāˇාāļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āļ āˇāļ°ාāļąāļē āļŊāļļා āļ¯ීāļ¸āļ්, āļāļ¸āļිāļą් āļĸāļąāļාāˇ āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ් āļ¸ේ āļēāļ§āļේ āˇāļģāļŊāˇ āļ¸ āļ āˇāļļෝāļ° āļāļģāļāļ āˇැāļි āļි්āļģāļēාāļ¯ාāļ¸āļēāļēි. āļ´āļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯āļē āļුāˇ āļ¯ී āļ´āļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇිāļ°ිāļ්āļģāļ¸, āˇිāˇāļē āļģāļ§ා āˇෙāļąāˇ් āˇීāļ¸් āˇāˇ āļĸෛāˇ āˇිāļ¯්āļēාāˇ āˇāˇ āļˇෞāļිāļ āˇිāļ¯්āļēාāˇ āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ¯ āļ¯āˇ āˇāˇāļēෙāļą් āļ āˇāļļෝāļ°āļēāļ් āļ´ැāˇāļීāļ¸ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇිāˇāļēāļ§ āˇāļ¸āļාāļ¸ී āˇ āļ´්āļģāļුāļĢ āļāˇ āļēුāļුāļē.
āļŊංāļාāˇ āļුāˇ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āˇුāˇිāˇේāˇී āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļē āļ¸ූāļŊිāļāˇ āļ¸ āˇැāļ¯ෑāļģිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āļ āˇāļŗāˇා āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļģාāļĸ්āļē āļāļēāļāļą āˇāˇ āļģාāļĸ්āļē āļąොāˇāļą āļāļēāļāļą āļļāˇුāļŊāˇ āļ¸ āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āļ´āˇāļී. āļ āļ¸ාāļ්āļēංāˇ āļ¸āļ§්āļ§āļ¸ේ āˇිāļ§ āˇාāļා āˇāļ¸ිāļි āļ¯āļ්āˇා āˇූ āļ´ෙāˇ āļැāˇීāļ¸āļ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļāļēāļāļą āļ´āˇāļී. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļāļēāļāļą āļුāˇ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļ´්āļģāļිāļ´āļ්āļි āļāļ ාāļģāļ°āļģ්āļ¸ āļģීāļිāļāļ āļāļģුāļĢු āļāļ¯ිāļē āˇāļģāļŊ āˇැāļැāˇ්āļ¸āļ් āļēāļ§āļේ āļ āˇāļļෝāļ°āļēේ āļ´ැāˇāļිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āļāˇේāļ¸ āļ āˇāļŗāˇා āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļāļ´āļ¯ේāˇāļāļ්āˇāļē āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇāˇ āˇ්āˇāļˇාāˇිāļ āˇāļ¸්āļ´āļ් āļ āļ¸ාāļ්āļēංāˇāļē, āˇāļąāļĸීāˇි āˇāļ¸්āļ´āļ් āļ āļ¸ාāļ්āļēංāˇāļē, āļ¸āļ°්āļēāļ¸ āļ´āļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ āļ°ිāļාāļģිāļē, āˇāļąāļĸීāˇී āļ¯ෙāļ´ාāļģ්āļāļ¸ේāļą්āļුāˇ āļāļ¯ී āļģාāļĸ්āļē āļāļēāļāļą āļ¸āļිāļą් āļŊāļļා āļāļ āˇැāļ. āļāļēāļāļąāļāļāˇ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļąීāļි āļģෙāļුāļŊාāˇි āˇāˇ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇāļ§ිāļąාāļāļ¸āļිāļą් āļēුāļ් āļ´āļģිāˇāļģ āļāļ්āˇāļēāļą් āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ¸āļąා āļ āˇāļļෝāļ°āļēāļ් āļ´ැāˇāļීāļ¸ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇිāˇāļē āˇāļ¸āļාāļ¸ිāˇ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āˇාāˇ්āļි්āļģāļē āļ āļ°්āļēāļąāļēāļēි.
āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļąāļēāļිāļą් āļොāļģāˇ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯āļē āˇැāļ¯ැāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļ´āˇුāļļිāļ¸ āˇāļāˇා āļāļ āļąොāˇැāļ. āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯āļē, āļĸාāļිāļ āļāļŊāļēේ āˇිāļ§ āļ´්āļģාāļ¯ේāˇීāļē āļ¸āļ§්āļ§āļ¸ āļ¯āļ්āˇා āˇ්āļēාāļ´්āļ āˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āļ¸ේ āˇāļŗāˇා āˇැāļāˇුāļĢු āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āļļāļŊāļ¸ුāˇ ුāˇāļ් āļ´ැāˇāļීāļ¸ āļāļා āļ´්āļģāļēෝāļĸāļąāˇāļ්āļē. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇෘāļ්āļිāļē āļ´āˇුāļļිāļ¸ිāļą් āļ āļ´ේāļ්āˇිāļ āļ āˇāˇාāļą āļ āļģāļ¸ුāļĢු āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇුāļģāļ්āˇිāļāļාāˇ āļąāļ¸්, āļ āˇāļŗāˇා āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļ¯ිāļģිāļැāļą්āˇීāļ¸ āļģාāļĸ්āļē āļ¸āļ§්āļ§āļ¸ිāļą් āļŊැāļļීāļ¸ āˇāļŠාāļ් āˇැāļ¯āļāļ් āļē. āļąූāļāļąāļēේ āļ´්āļģාāļ¯ේāˇීāļē āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯ීāļą් āļāļා āļ āļāˇ ොāˇ්āˇāļ් āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ´්āļģාāļ¯ේāˇීāļē āˇ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļැāļ§āļŊු āļēāļ¸් āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļිāļą් āˇාāļģ්āļාāļāļģāļĢāļē āˇිāļ¯ුāļāļģāļēි. āļāˇේ āˇුāˇāļ¯ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ´්āļģāˇāļĢāļාāˇ āļ¯ැāļිāļē āˇැāļ්āļේ āļ´ුāˇāļ්āļ´āļ් āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āļුāˇ ිāļą් āļ´āļ¸āļĢි. āˇිāļ¯්āļēුāļ් āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āļ¸āļිāļą් āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ්āļˇාāˇāļē āˇāˇ āļāˇැāļąි āļ´්āļģāˇෘāļ්āļි āļ´්āļģāļ ාāļģāļē āˇීāļ¸ āˇිāļ¯ුāļąොāˇāļą āļāļģāļ¸්āļē.
āļ¸ූāļŊිāļāˇ āļ¸ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇ āļāļි āˇී āļිāļļෙāļą āļēāļ¸් āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļēāļ් āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļැāļ§āļŊුāˇāļ් āļ¯, āļēāļą්āļą āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ āˇāļļෝāļ° āļāļģāļāļ āļēුāļුāļē. āļ´āˇුāˇ āļāļ¸āļිāļą් āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āˇාāļąිāļē āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļąāļēāļ āļąිāļēැāˇ ිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āļ´āˇුāˇ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļැāļ§āļŊුāˇ āļąිāˇා āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āˇāˇ āļ āļą් āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļāļ්āˇāļēāļą් āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇි āļŊා āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āˇාāļąිāļē āļ āˇāļļෝāļ° āļāļģ āļāļ āļēුāļුāļē. āļ āˇāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āˇ āļĄාāļēාāļģූāļ´, āˇීāļŠිāļēෝ āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē, āˇāˇ āˇිāļ ාāļģ, āˇිāˇේāļ āļą āļāļ¯ි āļ¯āļ්āļ āļāļāļģාāˇී āļāļģ āļāļ āļēුāļුāļē. āļ¸ෙāļē āļāļ්āļāļģා āļāļාāļģāļēāļāļ§ āļāˇේāˇāļĢාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļ´ුāˇāļ් āˇාāļģ්āļාāļāļģāļĢāļēāļ් āļŊෙāˇ āļ¯ āˇāļŗුāļą්āˇා āļ¯ිāļē āˇැāļිāļē. āļ´āˇුāļිāļēāļ¯ා āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āˇිāļ¯ු āˇූ āļģāļුāļ´āˇ්āˇāļŊ āļේāļ¯āˇාāļ āļāļē, āļ¸ීāļ§ āļāļ¯ිāļ¸ āļāļ¯ාāˇāļģāļĢāļēāļි. āļ¯ීāļģ්āļ āļාāļŊāļēāļ āˇිāļ§ āˇිāļ¯ු āˇූ āļĸāļŊ āˇාāļąිāļē āˇāˇ āļ´āˇāļ§ āļāļ්āļģැāˇ් āˇූ āļģāˇාāļēāļąිāļ āļ¯්āļģāˇ්āļē āļ¯ෛāļąිāļ āļĸීāˇිāļ āļුāˇ āļ§ āļ¸āˇāļ් āļļāļŊāļ´ෑāļ¸āļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āˇāļ¸āļ් āˇිāļē. āļ¯ෛāļąිāļ āļĸීāˇිāļāļē āļුāˇ āļ¯ී āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āˇිāˇිāļą් āļ¯āļිāļą āļ¸ෙāˇැāļąි āļැāļ§āļŊුāļාāļģී āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļēāļą් āˇාāļ¸ාāļą්āļē āļēැāļēි āˇැāļŊāļුāˇāļ¯ āļ āˇා āˇāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āˇ āļāˇේāˇāļĢāļēāļ āļąිāļēැāˇ ෙāļą්āļąෙāļුāļ§ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ´ුāˇāļ āļāļ¯ිāļ¸ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ´ුāˇāļ් āļ āļąාāˇāļģāļĢāļēāļ් āˇāļąු āļāļ. āļāļē āļ āļ´āļ§ āļ¸ෑāļāļāļ¯ී āˇāļ¸ු āˇූ āļāļ් āļāļ¯ාāˇāļģāļĢāļēāļ් āļ´āļ¸āļĢි. āļāˇැāļąි āļ¸ āˇූ āˇිāļ¯්āļ°ීāļą් āļිāˇිāļ´āļēāļ් āļąීāļ්āļēāļąුāļූāļŊ āļŊේāļļāļŊāļē āļ¸āļ āļąීāļ්āļēāļąුāļූāļŊ āļąොāˇāļą āļāļ්āˇāļēāļ āˇිāļ§ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āļļāˇ āļ āļ¸āļāļ āļāˇ āļēුāļු āļąො āˇේ. āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āˇැāļąි āˇිāˇāļēāļēāļą් āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļą āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļēāļ් āļ´ැāˇāļිāļē āļēුāļ්āļේ āļ¸ෙāļļැāˇිāļąි.
āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āˇැāļąි āˇිāˇāļēāļēāļ් āļුāˇ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļą āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģ āˇāļŠාāļ් āļැāļšුāļģු āļ āļģ්āļŽāļēāļ් āļēāļ§āļේ āļ´āˇāļී. āļ¸āļුāļ´ිāļ§ිāļą් āļ¯āļිāļą āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļēāļą්āļ§ āˇාāļ´ේāļ්āˇāˇ āļ āˇා āˇāļ¸ාāļąāˇ āļ āļˇ්āļēāļą්āļāļģිāļāˇ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļැāļ§āļŊුāļාāļģී āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļēāļą් āļāˇ්āļ¸āļු āļāˇ āļēුāļුāļē. āļāˇැāļąි āļ¯āļ්āļ āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇි āļŊා āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āļ āļāļģāļ§ āˇāļą්āļąිāˇේāļ¯āļąāļē āˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āļĸාāļ්āļēāļą්āļāļģ āļāļēāļāļą āˇāˇ āļģාāļĸ්āļē āļąොāˇāļą āˇංāˇිāļ°ාāļąāļēāļą්āˇි āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļąෛāļිāļ āļģෙāļුāļŊාāˇි āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļąූāļāļąāļēේ āˇāļŠාāļ් āļ´්āļģāļුāļĢ āļāˇ āļēුāļු āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļāļģāļ්āˇāļĢ āˇිāļ°ිāļ්āļģāļ¸ āˇෙāļēි. āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇෙāļąāˇ්āˇීāļ¸් āļ āˇāļļෝāļ°āļē āļāļē āˇ්āˇāļēං āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļąāļēāļ් āļļāˇāļ§ āļ´āļ් āˇෙāļēි. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģ āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļąāļē āļුāˇ āˇිāˇේāˇිāļ āˇූ āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļēāļą් āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļąāļēāļ් āļļāˇāļ§ āļ´āļ් āˇෙāļēි. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģ āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļąāļē āļුāˇ āˇිāˇේāˇිāļ āˇූ āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļēāļą් āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļąāļēāļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļāļŠ āˇāˇāļģ āˇāļāˇා āļāļ āˇැāļ. āļāļ¯ාāˇāļģāļĢāļēāļ් āļŊෙāˇ āļ¯ේāˇāļුāļĢිāļ āˇෙāļąāˇ්āļāļ¸් āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļąāļēāļ āļąිāļēැāˇ ෙāļą්āļąෙāļුāļ§ āļ¸ේ āˇāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āˇ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļĸාāļ්āļēāļēāļą්āļāļģ āļąීāļි, āļāļ ාāļģ āļ°āļģ්āļ¸, āļĸාāļිāļ āļģෙāļුāļŊාāˇි āļāļ¯ිāļē āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļąāļē āļāˇ āļēුāļුāļē. āļ āļ āļąුāˇ, āļāļ¸ āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļēāļą් āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āļ¯ේāˇāļුāļĢිāļ āļ´ාāļģ්āˇāˇāļēāļą් āˇෙāļ āļāļģෝāļ´āļĢāļē āļāļģāļŊීāļ¸āļ්, āˇāļŗුāļąාāļāļ් āļැāļ§ුāļ¸්āļාāļģී āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļēāļą් āˇෙāļ āˇිāˇāļŗුāļ¸් āˇෙāˇීāļ¸āļ් āˇිāļ¯ුāļāˇ āˇැāļ. āļ¸ෙāļē āˇිāļ¸āļģ්āˇāļąාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļ¸ෙāļą් āļ¸ āˇිāļ¯්āļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļą āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļēāļą් āļ¯āļ්āˇා āļ´ුāˇ ුāļŊ් āˇිāļē āˇැāļිāļē.
1980 āļ¯āˇāļāļēේ, āļŊෝāļāļēේ āļ¯ේāˇāļුāļĢිāļ āˇෙāļąāˇ්āˇීāļ¸් āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āļģාāļĸ්āļē āļ¸āļ§්āļ§āļ¸ෙāļą් āˇාāļāļ ්āļĄාāˇāļ§ āļļāļŗුāļą් āˇිāļē. 1988 āļ¯ී āļ´āˇ āļ¸ුāˇāļģāļ§ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¯ේāˇāļුāļĢිāļ āˇෙāļąāˇ්āļāļ¸් āļ´ිāļ§ුāļ¯ැāļීāļ¸āļ§ āļ āļą්āļāļģ්āļĸාāļිāļ āļ āˇāļ°ාāļąāļē āļēොāļ¸ු āˇිāļē. āļ āļ āļąුāˇ āļ¸ිāˇිāļ¸āļŦāļŊ āļāļĢුāˇුāļ¸් āˇීāļ¸ (Global Warming) āļ¸ොāļą්āļ§ි්āļģāļēෙāļŊ් āļ´්āļģොāļ§ොāļෝāļŊ් (Montreal Protocol) āˇැāļąි āˇāļ¸්āļ¸ුāļීāļą් āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļ āļą්āļāļģ්āļĸාāļිāļ āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āļ¯ිāļģිāļැāļą්āˇීāļ¸ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇිāļē. āļ¯ේāˇāļුāļĢ āˇෙāļąāˇ්āˇීāļ¸ āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āļ āļą්āļāļģ් āļģාāļĸ්āļē āˇāļˇාāˇ (Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change – IPCC) āˇāļ¸ුāˇ ුāˇ āļ¸ෙāˇි āļāļ් āļ´්āļģāļිāļĩāļŊāļēāļි. āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯āļē āļුāˇ āļ¸ෙāˇැāļąි āˇිāˇāļē āļ°ාāļģාāˇāļą් āˇුāļŊāļļāˇ āļ¯ැāļිāļē āˇැāļ්āļේ āļēුāļģෝāļ´āļē āˇැāļąි āļģāļ§āˇāļŊ් āļāˇුāļģෙāļąි. āļ¸ෙāˇැāļąි āļāļා āļāˇāˇ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ´්āļģāˇāļĢāļාāˇāļą් āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯āļē āļŊංāļාāˇ āˇැāļąි āļģāļ§āļ āļොāļŠāļąැāļීāļ¸ āļāļģāļ¸āļ āļ āļ´āˇāˇු āˇුāˇāļ¯, āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āļ¯ේāˇāļුāļĢිāļ āļ´්āļģāˇāļĢāļා āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āˇāļģāˇා āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸ āˇāļŠාāļ් āˇāļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēි āˇේ. āļ¯ේāˇāļුāļĢිāļ āˇෙāļąāˇ්āļāļ¸් āļුāˇ āļ§ āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āļ¸āļ°්āļēāļ¸ āļ´āˇ ාāļ āļļāˇුāļŊāˇ āļēොāļ¸ු āˇේ. āļāļ¸āļිāļą් āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āļ āļŊාāļˇāˇාāļąි āˇāˇ āļāļą් āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇෙāļąāˇ් āˇීāļ¸් āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļąāļē āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļēāļ¸් āļ´්āļģāļිāļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēී āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļēāļි. āļ¸ෙāˇැāļąි āˇිāˇāļēāļāļ āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļēāļ් āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āļ´්āļģāļිāļ´āļ්āļි āˇැāļāˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āļ āļ āļąුāˇ āļ āļ āļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāļēāļą් āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇි āļŊා āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯ීāļą්āļේ āļ āˇāˇ්āļēāļාāˇ āļāˇ්āļ¸āļු āˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āļ´්āļģāˇෘāļ්āļි āˇාāļģ්āļාāļāļģāļĢāļē āļුāˇ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇුāļģāļ්āˇිāļāļˇාāˇāļē āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļāļ් āļ´්āļģāˇෘāļ්āļිāļēāļ් āˇෝ āļ´්āļģāļ ාāļģāļē āˇීāļ¸āļ§ āļ āˇැāˇි āˇැāļŠāļ´ිāˇ ිāˇෙāˇ āļ් āļොāļŠāļąāļා āļāļ āˇැāļි āļąāļ¸් āļ¸ූāļŊිāļ āļ¸ āļ āļģāļ¸ුāļĢ āˇāļą āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇි āļŊා āļĸāļąāļ´්āļģිāļē āˇෙāļēි. āˇිāļ¯්āļēුāļ් āļģූāļ´āˇාāˇිāļąි āļąාāļŊිāļා āļļිāˇිāˇීāļ¸āļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļ¸ූāļŊිāļāļ¸ āļ´āˇුāļļිāļ¸ āļ¸ේ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯āļēේ āļ¸ āļāˇāļ් āļāļ් āļ´ැāļිāļāļŠāļි.
āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯āļē āˇāˇ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯ීāļą් āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇිāļŊා, āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇංāˇේāļ¯ීāļාāˇ āļąිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ¸ āˇිāļē āˇෘāļ්āļිāļēාāļˇිāļ¸ුāļ āļ¸ූāļŊාāˇ්āļģ āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļොāļģāļුāļģු āˇāļ´āļēāļēි. āļ¯ේāˇāļුāļĢāļē, āļ¸ුāˇුāļ¯ු āļාāļ¯āļąāļē, āļĸāļŊ āˇිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļąිāˇ්āļ´ාāļ¯āļąāļē, āļāˇේāļĢිāļ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇා āˇāļ්āļ්āˇ āļොāļ§āˇ්, āˇāļģිāļාāļාāļģ āˇාāļēු āˇිāļ¸ෝāļ āļąāļē, āļāļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āļāļŊ් āļැāļŠීāļ¸, āˇැāļŊි āļොāļŠ āļ¯ැāļ¸ීāļ¸, āļāļāļ¯ේāˇීāļē āˇාāļ āˇිāļąාāˇāļē, āļĸාāļą āļ¸ංāļොāļŊ්āļŊāļē, āļāļ්āļģāļ¸āļĢිāļ āˇාāļ, āļ āļąāˇāˇ්āļē āļ´āˇ් āļොāļŠ āļ¯ැāļ¸ීāļ¸, āˇāļුāļģු āļļිāļ¸් āļොāļŠ āļිāļģීāļ¸, āļුāļšුāļģු āļāļŠāļ¸් āļොāļŠ āļිāļģීāļ¸, āļģāļ්āˇිāļ āļිāļąි āļŊෑāļ¸, āļ´ිāļ¯ුāļģු āˇැāļąි āļාāļļāļąිāļ āļ´ොāˇොāļģ āˇිāļąාāˇ āļිāļģීāļ¸, āˇāļ්āļ්āˇ āļ¯āļŠāļēāļ¸, āļුāļĢු āļāˇāˇ āˇāˇ āļģāˇාāļēāļąිāļ āļ āļ´āļ¯්āļģāˇ්āļē āļ āļ්āļģāļ¸āˇāļ්āˇ āļļැāˇැāļģ āļිāļģීāļ¸ āˇāˇ āļ´āļāļŊ් āļ¸ිāļąිāļģāļą් āˇෑāļģීāļ¸ āˇැāļąි āļ¯ෛāļąිāļāˇ āļ āļ´āļ§ āˇāļ¸ුāˇāļą āļැāļ§āļŊුāļාāļģී āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļēāļą් āˇෙāļ āˇāļ¸ීāļ´āˇීāļ¸ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯ීāļą්āļේ āˇිāˇāļēāļāļ āļ´ැāļිāļāļŠāļි. āļŊංāļාāˇ āˇැāļąි āļāļා āļුāļŠා āļ¯ිāˇāļēිāļąāļ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ āˇāļ¸āļුāļŊිāļ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇංāˇāļģāļĢāļē āļēāļ¸් āļ¯ිāļąāļēāļ āļ´āļģāļ¸්āļ´āļģාāļāļāˇ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇිāļē āˇැāļි āļේāļ¯āļąීāļē āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļēāļ් āˇāļąු āļąොāļ āļąුāļ¸ාāļąāļē. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļē āˇāˇ āļ්āˇාāļŊීāļ¸ āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āˇāˇ āˇāˇා āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē.
āļ´ෘāļŽිāˇිāļēේ āļāļĢුāˇුāļ¸ āļāˇāˇ āļēාāļ¸ෙāļą් āļ¸ුāˇුāļ¯ු āļ¸āļ§්āļ§āļ¸ 21 āˇāļą āˇිāļēāˇāˇ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āļāˇāļ¯ුāļģāļ§āļ් āļāˇāˇ āļēāļąු āļāļ. āļŊෝāļāļēේ āļ¸ුāˇ ු āļĸāļą āˇංāļ්āļēාāˇෙāļą් 21% - 38% āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļ් āˇෙāļģāˇ āļි.āļ¸ී. 30 - 100 āļ āļāļģ āļāļŊාāļ´āļēāļą්āˇි āļĸීāˇāļ් āˇෙāļēි. āˇෙāļģāˇ āļāˇ්āļģිāļāˇ āļොāļŠ āļąැāļී āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļāļģ්āļŽිāļ āˇāļ¸්āļ´ාāļ¯āļą āļ්āļģāļ¸ āˇිāļ°ි āļļොāˇොāļ¸āļēāļ් āˇිāļē āļĸාāļිāļ āļāļģ්āļŽිāļāļē āļāļģ āļāļģāļēි. āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇා āļ¯ේāˇāļුāļĢිāļ āˇෙāļąāˇ්āˇීāļ¸ āļąිāˇා āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āļ¸ිāˇිāļāļŊāļē āļāļĢුāˇුāļ¸් āˇීāļ¸ේ āļ´්āļģāļිāˇිāļ´ාāļ āļāˇුāļąāļ§ āļąුāļ¯ුāļģු āļාāļŊāļē āļුāˇ āļ´ොāļ¯ුāˇේ āļˇුāļ්āļි āˇිāļŗීāļ¸āļ§ āˇිāļ¯ු āˇේ.
āˇ්āļģී āļŊංāļාāˇේ āˇෙāļģāˇ āļāļŊාāļ´āļē āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļāļģ āļāļි āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļēāļą āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļē āļāļා āļāˇāˇ āļ¸āļ§්āļ§āļ¸āļ āļ´āˇāļී. 1951 āˇāļģ්āˇāļēේāļ¯ී āļāļ āļ´ුāļ¯්āļāļŊ āˇෙāļģāˇ āļ¸ාāļēිāļ¸ āˇෙ.āļ¸ී. 79āļ් āˇුāˇāļ¯, āļāļē 2031 āˇāˇāļģ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āˇෙ.āļ¸ී. 07āļ් āļļāˇāļ§ āļąිāļāļ¸āļąāļē āļŊැāļļී āļිāļļේ. āļ¯āˇ āļĸාāļිāļ āļąිāˇ්āļ´ාāļ¯āļąāļēāļ§ 40%āļ āļ¯ාāļēāļāļ්āˇāļēāļ් āˇෙāļģāˇ āļāļŊාāļ´ āļāˇ්āļģිāļ āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āˇිāˇිāļą් āļ¯āļ්āˇāļąු āļŊāļļāļි. āļ¸ෙāļąිāˇා āļ¸ෙāˇැāļąි āļ´āˇුāļļිāļ¸āļ āļ¯ී āļāˇāļ āļ āˇāļ°ාāļąāļē āļēොāļ¸ු āˇිāļē āļēුāļු āļාāļŊāˇීāļ¸ාāˇ āļ āļ¯ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āļāˇ්āļ¸āļු āˇී āļ´āˇāļී. āļ¸ුāˇුāļ¯ු āˇැāļŊි āļොāļŠ āļ¯ැāļ¸ීāļ¸, āļොāļģāļŊ් āˇිāļąාāˇāļē, āļ¸ීāļ§ āļ´්āļģāļ°ාāļą āˇාāļ°āļ āˇෙāļēි. āļ¯ෛāļąිāļāˇ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇංāˇāļģāļĢāļē āļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāļēāļą් āļුāˇ āˇාāļģ්āļා āļąොāˇāļą āļāļģāļ¸්āļē. āļāļ¸āļිāļą් āļ āļ¯ාāˇ āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą් āˇāˇ āˇුāļģāļ්āˇිāļāļˇාāˇāļē āļ¯ āˇිāļ¯ු āļąොāˇāļą āļāļģāļ¸්āļē.
āļාāļģ්āļ¸ිāļ āˇාāļēු āļ¯ූāˇāļĢāļē āļ āļ¯ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āļොāˇ āļš āļāļ¯ී āļāļ¯ාāˇāļą්āļą āļąāļāļģ āļේāļą්āļ¯්āļģ āļāļģ āļāļąිāļ¸ිāļą් āˇීāļ්āļģāļēෙāļą් āˇිāļ¯ු āˇෙāļēි. āˇāļģිāļ āļāļģ්āļŽිāļāļē (Green Economy) āˇැāļąි āˇංāļāļŊ්āļ´ āˇāļŠ āˇāļŠාāļ් āļ¯ිāļēුāļĢු āˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļąāļēāļ§ āˇාāļ´ේāļ්āˇāˇ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āļ¸ේ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļąāļē āļිāļģāˇාāļģ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļąāļēේāļ¸ āļāˇāļ් āļāļ් āļˇූāļ¸ිāļාāˇāļි. āļāˇෝāļą් āˇිāļēāļą āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļ´ෙāļąී āˇිāļ§ීāļ¸āļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļාāļŊāļē āļāˇ්āļ¸āļු āˇී āļ´āˇāļී. CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon) āļēāļą āˇාāļēුāˇ āļ්āļģāļ¸ාāļąුāļූāļŊāˇ āļ´āļģිāļˇෝāļĸāļą āļģāļ§ාāˇෙāļą් āļāļ් āļāˇ āļēුāļුāļē. āļ¸ෙāˇැāļąි āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ¸ාāļģ්āļ āˇāļŗුāļąා āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļāļģāļ¸් āļ¯ැāļąුāļ¸් āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļē āļāļැāļ¸් āˇිāļ§āļ āļąාāļāļģිāļ āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇිāļŊා āļ¯, āļāļාāļ¸ āļ āˇāļ¸ āļ¸āļ§්āļ§āļ¸āļ āļ´āˇāļී. āļ¸ොāļą්āļ§ි්āļģāļēෙāļŊ් āˇāļ¸ුāˇ ුāˇ (Montreal Protocol) 1987 āˇāļģ්āˇāļēේ āļ āļ්āˇāļą් āļැāļļෙāļąුāļēේ āļ¸ේ āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļąි. āļ¸ෙāˇැāļąි āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ¸ාāļģ්āļāˇāļŊāļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļ´ාāļģිāļˇෝāļිāļ āļģāļ§ාāˇ āˇැāļැāˇ්āļ¸ āļ āļ¯ āļ¯ිāļąāļēāļ§ āļąො āˇ āˇෙāļ§ āļ¯ිāļąāļēේ āļģāļ§ේ āļ¸ෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ¸ුāˇ ු āļ¸āˇāļ් āļ´ෘāļුāˇිāļēේāļ¸ āļ´ැāˇැāļ්āļ¸āļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āˇිāļāļāļģ āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ¸ාāļģ්āļ āˇāļąු āļāļ.
āˇ්āļģී āļŊංāļාāˇ āļුāˇ āļ¸ෑāļ āļාāļŊීāļąāˇ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āˇāļą āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļāļා āļāˇāˇ āļ āļāļēāļ් āļෙāļą āļāļ. āļāˇāļ¯ුāļģāļ§āļ් āļ¸ේ āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļē āļāˇāˇ āļිāļēāˇොāļ් āˇිāļ¯ු āˇāļąුāļēේ, āˇ්āļģී āļŊංāļාāˇ āˇāļŠාāļ් āļāˇ්āļĢාāļ°ිāļ āļģāļ§āļ් āļļāˇāļ§ āļąොāļļෝ āļāļŊāļිāļą් āļ´āļģිāˇāļģ්āļāļąāļē āˇීāļ¸āļēි. āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļąāļēේ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āļ´්āļģāļිāļŊාāļˇ āļ āļ¯āļ§āļ්, āˇෙāļ§ āļ¯ිāļąāļēāļ§āļ් āˇāļŠා āļ āļąාāļāļāļēāļ§ āˇāļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēී āˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āļāˇැāļąි āļ āļģāļ¸ුāļĢāļ් āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āˇිāļ¯ු āļāļģāļąු āļŊāļļāļą āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļąāļē āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āˇāļą āˇāļģāļĢāļē āļ¯ැāļŠි āˇ āļāļģāļ්āˇා āļāˇ āļēුāļුāļē. āˇිāļ¯ු āļāļģāļąු āļŊāļļāļą āļ āļąāˇāˇāļģ āļāļ¯ිāļිāļģීāļ¸් āˇේāļුāˇෙāļą් āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āļĸෛāˇ āˇිāˇāļ°āļ්āˇāļēāļ§ āˇාāļąි āˇිāļ¯ුāˇීāļ¸ āļ´āˇුāļිāļē āļාāļŊāˇීāļ¸ාāˇ āļුāˇ āļ¯ිāļිāļą් āļ¯ිāļāļ§āļ¸ āļ´ුāˇāļ් āļ¸āļිāļą් āˇාāļģ්āļා āˇිāļē. āļ āļāļĢ්āļŠāˇ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āˇිāļ¸āļģ්āˇāļąāļē āˇෙāļ§ āļ¯ිāļąāļēේ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ´ැāˇැāļ්āļ¸āļ§ āˇāļŠා āļēāˇāļ¯ාāļēි āˇāļąු āļāļ. āļ¸ේ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ 78%āļ āˇāļą āˇිāļąාāˇāļēāļ් āˇී්āļģ āļŊංāļාāˇ āļුāˇ āˇිāļ¯ු āˇී āˇāļ¸ාāļģāļē. āļĸāļŊ āļ´ෝāˇāļ āˇිāļŗී āļēාāļ¸, āˇāļුāļģු āļļිāļ¸් āˇිāļŗීāļēාāļ¸, āļĸෛāˇ āˇිāļ¯්āļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļ´ාāļģāˇāļģිāļ āˇාāļąිāļē, āļ¯ේāˇāļුāļĢිāļ āˇෙāļąāˇ් āˇීāļ¸්, āļාāļą්āļාāļģිāļāļģāļĢāļē,āļŠāļ´āˇ āˇෝāļ¯ා āļēාāļ¸, āļāļ¯ිāļē āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇāļą āˇāļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āˇāļ¸āļාāļ¸ීāˇ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āļ āļුāļģු āļĩāļŊ āˇිāļ´ාāļāļēāļą්āļē. āļ¸āˇා āļ´āļģිāļ¸ාāļĢāļēෙāļą් āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āˇාāļĢිāļĸ āˇāļාāˇāļą් āˇāˇ āļāļŠāļ¸් āļāļ§්āļ§ිāļāļģ āˇෙāļą් āļ¯ේāˇි āļ¯ැāļ¸ීāļ¸ āļ āˇāļ°ාāļąāļēāļ§ āļēොāļ¸ු āˇී āļąොāļ¸ැāļි āļāļģāļ¸්āļē. āļ´්āļģාāļ¯ේāˇීāļēāˇ āļොāļŠāļąැāļෙāļą āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯ීāļą්āļේ āļ āˇāˇ්āļēāļාāˇ āļāˇ්āļ¸āļු āˇāļą්āļąේ āļ¸ෙāˇැāļąි āļļāļģāļ´āļāˇ āļැāļ§āļŊුāˇāļŊāļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļ´්āļģāļ ාāļģāļĢāļē āˇāˇ āļļāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą්āļේ āļ āˇāļ°ාāļąāļē āļēොāļ¸ුāļāļģāˇා āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§āļēි. āļāļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āļ´්āļģාāļ¯ේāˇීāļēāˇ āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļ¯ āļ¸ේ āˇāļģāˇා āˇීāļ්āļģāļēෙāļą් āˇිāļ¯ුāˇෙāļēි.
āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯āļēේ āļ¸ āļāˇāļ් āļāļ් āļĸāļąāļ´්āļģිāļē āļ´ැāļිāļāļŠāļි āˇාāļģ්āļා āļ ිāļ්āļģāļ´āļ§ āļāļŊාāˇ āˇāˇ āļĄාāļēාāļģූāļ´ āˇිāļŊ්āļ´āļē. āˇāļą āļĸීāˇි āļ ිāļ්āļģāļ´āļ§ (Wild life Documentary) āˇāˇ āˇāļą āļĸීāˇි āļĄාāļēාāļģූāļ´ (Wild life Photography) āļ āļ¯ිāļē āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļĸāļąāļ´්āļģිāļē āļේāļ¸ාāˇāļ§ āļ āļ¯ාāˇ āļ¸ූāļŊිāļාංāļ āˇෙāļēි. āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļāļģāļ්āˇāļĢ āļāļ´āļ්āļģāļ¸ āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āˇැāļāˇුāļĢු āˇාāļģ්āļා āļ ිāļ්āļģāļ´āļ§ āˇāˇ āˇāļāļģා, āˇාāļģ āļ´්āļģāļාāˇāļą āļĸāļąāļාāļāļ āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯āļēේāļ¸ āļāˇāļ් āļāļ් āļ´ිāļēāˇāļģāļි. āļ´්āļģාāļ¯ේāˇීāļē āļ¸āļ§්āļ§āļ¸ිāļą් āˇැāļāˇුāļĢු āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļļāļŊāļාāļēāļą් āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļŊāļļාāļ¯ෙāļą āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āļ āļąුāļ්āļģāˇāļē āˇāļŠාāļ් āļ´ුāˇ ුāļŊ් āˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āļිāļēුāļļාāˇ āˇැāļąි āļģāļ§āˇāļŊ් āļŠෙංāļු āļāˇāļ¯ුāļģ āˇිāļē āļģāļ§ිāļą් āļුāļģāļą් āļāļģ āļ¯ැāļ¸ීāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇා āļ¸ෙāˇැāļąි āļ¸ාāļ°්āļē āļ¸ැāļ¯ිāˇāļ්āˇීāļ¸් āļļāˇුāļŊāˇ āļēොāļ¯ා āļāļą්āļąāļ§ āˇූāˇ.
āļāļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āļāˇේāˇāļĢාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ´ුāˇāļ්āļ´āļ් āļāļŊාāˇ āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļ´ුāˇāļ්āļ´āļ් āļුāˇ ිāļą් āļŊāļļාāļ¯ෙāļą āļāļŠ āˇāˇāļģ āļāˇāļ් āļ´ුāˇ ුāļŊ් āˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āļāļා āļ āļāˇ ොāˇ්āˇāļ් āļ´ුāˇāļ්āļ´āļ් āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļĸාāļිāļ āļ¸ෙāˇෙāļē āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āˇිāļē āļāļŠ āļāļŠ āļąිāļģ්āļŊෝāļˇීāˇ āļēොāļ¯ා āļැāļąීāļ¸ āļ āļāļē āļāˇ āļēුāļුāļē. āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්āļēāˇේāļ¯ීāļą් āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļāļāļēීāļ¸් āļāļŊෙāˇ āļ් āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ āˇා āļąොāļ¸ැāļි āļāļģāļ¸්āļē. āļąāļ¸ුāļ් āļāļą්āļ¯ිāļēාāˇ āˇැāļąි āļģāļ§āˇāļŊ් āļුāˇ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļē āˇāļŗāˇා āļāļāļēීāļ¸් āļāļා āļāˇāˇ āļāļŊāļēāļ āļ´āˇāļී. āļāˇුāļą් āˇāļŗāˇා āļģාāļĸ්āļē āļ¸ැāļ¯ිāˇāļ් āˇීāļ¸ෙāļą් āˇāļ´āļēāļąු āļŊāļļāļą āļāļ´āļ¯ේāˇāļą āˇේāˇා āˇāˇ āļ´ුāˇ්āļāļාāļŊ āļ´āˇāˇුāļāļ¸් āļ´ුāˇ ුāļŊ් āˇිāļē āļēුāļු āļ āļāļģ āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļāļ§āļēුāļු āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļ āļ¸ාāļ්āļēාංāˇ āˇāˇ āļ¯ෙāļ´ාāļģ්āļāļ¸ේāļą්āļු āļ¸ේ āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ āˇāļ°ාāļąāļē āļēොāļ¸ු āļāˇ āļēුāļු āļාāļŊāļē āļāˇ āļš āļිāļļේ. āļ්āļģාāļ¸ීāļē āļ´්āļģāļĸාāˇ āˇිāˇāļēෙāˇිāļŊා āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ්āļˇාāˇāļē āļāļා āļ āˇāļ¸ āļ¸āļ§්āļ§āļ¸āļ āļ´āˇāļී. āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļēāļ§ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą āļ āļ´āļēෝāļĸāļąāļē āˇāļŗුāļąා āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āˇāˇ āļāˇා āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļ්āļģāļ¸āˇේāļ¯ āļ¸ේ āļēāļ§āļේ āļොāļŠāļąැංāˇීāļ¸ āļģāļ§ේ āˇෙāļ§ āļ¯āˇāˇේ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇāļ¸āļුāļŊිāļāļාāˇāļē āˇුāļģāļ්āˇිāļ āˇීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¸āˇāļ් āļ´ිāļ§ුāļļāļŊāļēāļ් āˇāļąු āļāļ.
āˇෙāļ§ āļ¯āˇāˇේ āˇāļģ්āļ°āļąāļē āˇāļą āļ¸ාāļąුāˇීāļē āļ āˇāˇ්āļēāļා āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģāļ āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļē āˇැāļāˇී āļāļ. āļāˇේ āˇුāˇāļ¯ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļē āļ¸āļිāļą් āļāļāˇා āļāļāļēුāļු āļĩāļŊ āļ´්āļģāļēෝāļĸāļą āˇāļŠාāļ් āˇිāļ°ිāļ¸āļ් āˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āļāļ¸āļිāļą් āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļēāļ§ āˇාāļąිāļ¯ාāļēāļ āļēāļ¸āļ් āˇිāļ¯ුāˇුāˇāˇොāļ් āļāˇි āļ āļąිāˇි āļ´්āļģāļිāļĩāļŊ āļ¸āļු āļēāļ¸් āļ¯ිāļąෙāļ āļāļා āļāˇāˇ ිāļą් āļˇුāļ්āļි āˇිāļŗීāļ¸āļ§ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļąු āļąොāļ āļąුāļ¸ාāļąāļē. āˇී්āļģ āļŊංāļාāˇ āļāļා āļුāļŠා āļˇූāļ¸ි āļ´්āļģāļ¯ේāˇāļēāļ් āˇිāļ¸ි āļģāļ§āļි. āļąāļ¸ුāļ් āļ āļ´āļ§ āļāļģුāļ¸ āˇූ āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āļ āļ´āļ§ āļāˇේāļĢිāļ āˇූ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇāļ¸āļුāļŊිāļāļාāˇ āļāļා āļāˇāˇ āļ āļāļēāļ් āļāļąී. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇංāˇේāļ¯ීāļාāˇāļ§ āˇාāļąි āˇිāļ¯ුāˇීāļ¸ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇāļ¸āļුāļŊිāļāļාāˇ āļļිāļŗීāļēාāļ¸āļ§ āˇේāļු āˇෙāļēි. āˇෙāļ§ āļ¯āˇāˇේ āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āļ´ාāļģිāˇāļģිāļ āˇāļ§āļ´ිāļ§ාāˇ āļ āˇāļ¯ාāļąāļ¸් āˇāˇāļāļ āļąොāˇීāļ¸āļ§ āļąāļ¸් āļ āļ´ āļ āļ¯ āˇිāļ§ āļ¸ āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļē āˇුāļģāļ්āˇිāļ āļāˇ āļēුāļුāļē. āļāļē āļĸාāļිāļēāļ් āˇāļු āˇāļāļීāļ¸āļēි.
āļ´ැāļŊ්āļ´āļිāļą් āļොāļģ āˇāļģිāļ āļąāļāļģāļēāļ්
āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļąāļē āļēāļąු āļģāļ§āļ āˇෞāļˇාāļ්āļēāļē āļāļ¯ා āļāļģāˇāļą්āļąāļි. āˇෞāļˇාāļ්āļēāļ¸āļ්, āˇāļ¸ෘāļ¯්āļ°ිāļ¸āļ් āˇāļ¸ාāļĸāļēāļ් āļුāˇ āļ¯ිāˇි āļෙāˇීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¸ෙ āļŊොāˇ āļāļąෑ āļ¸ āļ´ුāļ¯්āļāļŊāļēෙāļුāļේ āļ¸ාāļąāˇ āļ āˇāˇ්āļēāļාāˇāļි. āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļąāļē āļ¸ාāļąāˇ āˇāˇ āļˇෞāļිāļ āļēāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļ¯ෙāļēාāļාāļģ āˇුāˇāļ් āļ¸ිāļąිāˇුāļą්āļේ āļāļāļŊ්āļ´, āļුāļĢāļ°āļģ්āļ¸ āˇāˇ āˇāļ§ිāļąාāļāļ¸් āļąැංāˇීāļ¸ āļ¸ෙāˇිāļŊා āˇැāļŊāļෙāļą āļ āļāļģ āļ¸ිāļąිāˇුāļą්āļේ āļĸීāˇāļą āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļē āˇුāļිāļ āļ¸ුāļ¯ිāļ āļļāˇāļ§ āļ´āļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļˇෞāļිāļ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļąāļē āļŊෙāˇ āˇැāļŊāļේ. āļ¸ෙāļģāļ§ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļąāļēේ āˇ්āˇāļģ්āļĢāļ¸āļē āļēුāļāļēāļ් āļāļිāļāļģāļ¸ිāļą් āļොāˇ āļš āļ´ැāļŊ්āļ´āļ්āˇාāˇීāļą් āļāļēිāļą් āļ¸ුāļ¯āˇාāļāļąිāļ¸ිāļą් āļāˇුāļą් āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļąුāļ¸ āļ¯ැāļą් āˇුāˇිāˇāļŊ් āļ¸āļą්āļ¯ිāļģ āļāļ¯ිāˇෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇāļී.
āļ āļēāļ§āļේ āļ´ැāļŊ්āļ´āļිāļą් āļොāļģ āˇāļģිāļ āļąāļāļģāļēāļ් āļ¸āˇිāļą්āļ¯ āļ ිāļą්āļāļą āˇංāļāļŊ්āļ´āļē āļēāļ§āļේ āļģාāļĸ්āļē āļāļģāļ්āˇāļ āˇා āļąාāļāļģිāļ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āļ āļ¸ාāļ්āļēංāˇāļēේ āļŊේāļāļ¸් āļෝāļ¨ාāļˇāļē āļģාāļĸāļ´āļ්āˇ āļ¸āˇāļාāļේ āļ´ූāļģ්āļĢ āļ¸ැāļ¯ිāˇāļ්āˇීāļ¸ෙāļą් āˇා āļ¸āļāļ´ෙāļą්āˇීāļ¸ āļ¸āļ āļąාāļāļģිāļ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āļ āļ°ිāļාāļģිāļē āļ¸āļිāļą් āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļāˇ āļąිāˇාāˇ 1137āļිāļą් āˇāļ¸āļą්āˇිāļ āļොāˇ āļš āˇේāļąේāļ¸ුāļŊ්āļŊ, āļģāļą්āļ¯ිāļē āļāļēāļą, āˇිāˇāļŊ් āļąිāˇාāˇ āˇ්āļēාāļ´ෘāļිāļē āļĸāļąාāļ°ිāļ´āļි āļ¸āˇිāļą්āļ¯ āļģාāļĸāļ´āļ්āˇ āļ¸ැāļිāļුāļ¸ාāļේ āļĸāļą්āļ¸ āļ¯ිāļąāļēāļ§ āˇāļ¸āļාāļ¸ීāˇ āˇෙāļ§ (18) āļĸāļąāļා āļ āļēිāļිāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ්āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļąාāļāļģිāļ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āļ āļ°ිāļාāļģිāļē āļāļ§āļēුāļු āļēොāļ¯ා āļāļ.
āļāļා āļුāļŠා āļļිāļ¸් āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļ āļිāˇිāļ¯ු āļ´āˇāˇුāļāļ¸āļ් āļąොāļ¸ැāļිāˇ āļ¯ුāļāˇේ āļĸීāˇāļ් āˇූ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ āˇāļģāļĢ āļĸāļąāļාāˇāļ§ āˇිāļēāļŊු āļ¸ āļ´āˇāˇුāļāļ¸් āˇāˇිāļ āˇ āļ āļŊංāļාāļģ āļąාāļāļģිāļ āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļēāļ් āļ¯ āˇāļ¸āļිāļą් āļŊැāļļෙāļą āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļąāˇ āļąිāˇāˇāļ āˇāļ§ිāļąාāļāļ¸ āļģුāļ´ිāļēāļŊ් āļ¸ිāļŊිāļēāļą 8 āļ් āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āˇේ. āˇāļģ්āļ āļ āļŠි 450 āļිāļą් āˇāļ¸āļą්āˇිāļ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļąිāˇāˇāļ āļąිāļ¯āļą āļාāļ¸āļģ 02āļ්, āˇිāˇිāļ්āļ āļාāļ¸āļģāļēāļ්, āļ¸ුāˇ ුāļැāļą්āļෙāļēāļ්, āˇāļŗāˇ ුāļāļŊāļēāļ් āˇා āˇāļąීāļ´ාāļģāļ්āˇāļ āļ´āˇāˇුāļāļ¸්āˇāļŊිāļą් āļēුāļ්āļ āˇේ. āļąāˇීāļą āˇිāļ¯ුāļŊි āˇෝāļ´ාāļą āˇා āˇāļ¯ිāˇි āļ āˇāˇ්āļŽාāˇāļą් āˇී āļ¯ී āˇිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļļāļŊāļē āļŊāļļා āļැāļąීāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇා āˇූāļģ්āļē āļļāļŊ āˇāļ්āļි āļ´āļ¯්āļ°āļි āļ¯ āˇāˇිāļāļģ āļිāļļීāļ¸ āˇිāˇේāˇāļ්āˇāļēāļි. āļĸාāļ්āļēāļą්āļāļģ āļ´්āļģāļ¸ිāļිāļēāļ§ āļ āļąුāˇ āļŊොāˇ āļąāˇීāļą āļąාāļāļģිāļ āˇැāļŊāˇුāļ¸් āˇāļ¸āļිāļą් āļāļා āˇිāļ°ිāļ¸āļ් āļŊෙāˇ āļēāļ§ිāļāļŊ āļ´āˇāˇුāļāļ¸් āļ¯ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļąāļē āļāļģ āļිāļļේ. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¸āˇāļŊ් āļąිāˇාāˇ āˇංāļීāļģ්āļĢ āļāļ¯ිāļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āˇāļ¸āļාāļ¸ී āˇ āˇāļģිāļ āļāļ¯්āļēාāļą āˇāˇිāļ āˇ āļ¸ා āļāļ¯්āļēාāļą, āļ්āļģීāļŠාංāļāļĢ, āˇිāļ°ිāļ¸āļ් āļŊෙāˇ āļ¸ාāļģ්āļ āļ´āļ¯්āļ°āļි āļ´ුāˇ ුāļŊ් āļිāļģීāļ¸, āļ´්āļģāļĸා āˇාāļŊා āˇැāļąි āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āļēāļ§ිāļāļŊ āļ´āˇāˇුāļāļ¸් āˇිāļēāļŊ්āļŊ āļ¯ āˇැāļŠිāļ¯ිāļēුāļĢු āˇීāļ¸ āļĸāļąāļාāˇ āļŊැāļļූ āļāˇāļ් āˇිāˇිāˇ්āļ§ āļ´්āļģāļිāļŊාāļˇāļēāļි.
āļොāˇ āļš āļ´ැāļŊ්āļ´āļ්āˇාāˇීāļą් āļ´ැāļŊ්āļ´āļිāļą් āļ¸ුāļ¯āˇාāļŊāļ¸ිāļą් āļĸāļąාāļ°ිāļ´āļි āļ¸āˇිāļą්āļ¯ āļģාāļĸāļ´āļ්āˇ āļ¸ැāļිāļුāļ¸ාāļේ āļāļ¯ාāļģ āļąාāļēāļāļ්āˇāļēෙāļą් āļģාāļĸ්āļē āļāļģāļ්āˇāļ āˇා āļąාāļāļģිāļ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āļ āļ¸ාāļ්āļēංāˇāļēේ āļŊේāļāļ¸් āļෝāļ¨ාāļˇāļē āļģාāļĸāļ´āļ්āˇ āļ¸āˇāļාāļේ āļ´ූāļģ්āļĢ āļ¸ැāļ¯ිāˇāļ්āˇීāļ¸ෙāļą් āˇා āļ¸āļāļ´ෙāļą්āˇීāļ¸ āļ¸āļ āļąාāļāļģිāļ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āļ āļ°ිāļාāļģිāļē āļ¸āļිāļą් āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļąිāˇාāˇ 70000 āļāļŠිāļąāļ¸් āˇිāˇāļŊ් āˇ්āļēාāļ´ෘāļි āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļą āļēāļ§āļේ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇ්āļēාāļ´ෘāļිāļēāļ§ āļ āļ¸āļāļģ āˇ āļāļ¯ි āˇූ āļāˇāļ් āˇුāˇිāˇේāˇී āˇූ āļąිāˇාāˇ āˇ්āļēාāļ´ෘāļි 03āļ් āļĸāļąāļා āļ āļēිāļිāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ්āļිāļģිāļ¸āļ§ āļ¸ේ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§āļ් āˇූāļ¯ාāļąāļ¸් āˇ āļāļ.
āļąොāˇැāļ¸්āļļāļģ් 21 āļāļ¯ිāļģිāˇිංāˇ āˇāļ්āļ āˇිāļģිāļ¸ුāļු āļāļēāļą āļąිāˇාāˇ 564 āļ් āļ¯, āļ¯ෙāˇැāļ¸්āļļāļģ් 01 āˇāļą āļ¯ිāļą āļොāˇ ොāļą්āļąාāˇ āˇාāļŊāļ¸ුāļŊ්āļŊ āļŊāļ්āˇāļŗ āˇෙāˇāļĢ āļąිāˇාāˇ 216 āļ් āļ¯, āļ¯ෙāˇැāļ¸්āļļāļģ් āļ¸āˇ 08 āˇāļą āļ¯ිāļą āˇāļģ්āļිāļēුāˇāļą් āļ´ාāļģ āļ¸ුāˇāļ¯ොāļģ āļāļēāļą āļąිāˇාāˇ 872āļ් āļ¯ āļĸāļąāļ´āļි āļ´්āļģāļ°ාāļąāļ්āˇāļēෙāļą් āļĸāļąāļා āļ āļēිāļිāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ්āļිāļģිāļ¸āļ§ āļąාāļāļģිāļ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āļ āļ°ිāļාāļģිāļē āļ¸ේ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āˇිāļēāļŊු āļāļ§āļēුāļු āˇූāļ¯ාāļąāļ¸්āˇ āļāļ.
2010 āļāļ්āļෝāļ¸්āļļāļģ් āļ¸ාāˇāļēේ āˇිāļ§ āļොāˇ āļš āļąāļāļģāļē āļුāˇ āˇැāļŠāļļිāļ¸් 26āļ āļĸාāļ්āļēāļą්āļāļģ āļ´්āļģāļ¸ිāļිāļēෙāļą් āļēුāļු āļŊොāˇ āļąāˇීāļĢ āļąāļāļģ āˇැāļŊැāˇුāļ¸් āˇāļ¸āļිāļą් āˇිāļ°ිāļ¸āļ් āļēāļ§ිāļāļŊ āļ´āˇāˇුāļāļ¸්āˇāļŊිāļą් āļēුāļ් āļąිāˇාāˇ āļāļāļ 20000 āļāļŠිāļąāļ¸ිāļą් āļ¸ේ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§āļ් āļāļ¯ිāˇෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇāļී. āļ¸ේ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āļąිāˇාāˇ āļāļāļ 3000āļ් āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļĸāļąāļාāˇ āļ āļāļ§ āļ´āļ්āļāļģ āļāļි āļ āļāļģ āļ¸ේ āˇāˇāļģ āļ āˇāˇාāļąāļēේ āļąිāˇාāˇ āļāļāļ 5000āļ් āļĸāļąāˇāļු āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļąාāļāļģිāļ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āļ āļ°ිāļාāļģිāļē āˇැāļŊāˇුāļ¸් āļāļģ āļිāļļේ.
āļ¸ෙāļē āˇී්āļģ āļŊංāļා āļāļිāˇාāˇāļēේ āļąිāˇාāˇ āļāļ¯ිāļිāļģිāļ¸් āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļēේ āˇාāļģ්āļා āļāļ āˇāļą්āļ°ිāˇ්āļŽාāļąāļēāļ් āˇāļąු āļąොāļ āļąුāļ¸ාāļąāļē. āļ¸ෙāļē āˇැāļļෑ āļ¸ āļāˇ්āļ āļģ්āļēāļēāļි. āļĸāļąාāļ°ිāļ´āļිāļුāļ¸ාāļේ āļුāļą් āļāļŊ් āļ¯āļ්āļąා āļąුāˇāļĢිāļą් āˇා āˇිāˇිāˇ්āļ§ āļąාāļēāļāļ්āˇāļēෙāļą් āļ¯āˇāļ āļāļąāļĢාāˇāļ් āļ´ුāļģා āļāļ¯ිāļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļąොāˇැāļි āˇු āļąිāˇාāˇ āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļ් āļ´āˇුāļිāļē āˇāˇāļģ 03āļ් āˇැāļąි āļෙāļ§ි āļāļŊāļ් āļāļුāļŊāļ āļāļ¯ිāļāļģ āļĸāļąāļාāˇāļ§ āļිāˇ ිāļĢ āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āˇැāļි āˇීāļ¸ āļ āļ´ේ āļģāļ§ේ āļĸāļąāļාāˇ āļŊැāļļූ āˇුāˇිāˇේāˇී āļĸāļēāļ්āļģāˇāļĢāļēāļි. āļ´ාāļ§ āļ´āļ්āˇ, āļĸාāļි, āļුāļŊ, āļāļāļ¸්, āļąෑāļ¯ෑāļāļ¸් āļāļුāˇ ු āļ¸ොāļąāļēāļ¸් āˇෝ āļ´ුāļ¯්āļāļŊිāļ āļ´āļ§ු āˇාāļ°āļāļēāļą්āļෙāļą් āˇāļ¸්āļ´ූāļģ්āļĢāļēෙāļą් āļ¸ āļොāļģ āˇී āļොāˇ āļš āļąāļāļģāļēේ āļĸීāˇāļ් āˇāļą āļ āļŠු āļāļ¯ාāļēāļ¸්āļŊාāļˇීāļą් āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ¸āļ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇිāˇāļŊ් āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āˇ්āļēාāļ´ෘāļ āļ්āļģිāļēාāˇෙāļą් āļ¸ āļāļ´්āļ´ු āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļĸāļąාāļ°ිāļ´āļිāļුāļ¸ාāļේ āļąාāļēāļāļ්āˇāļēෙāļą් āļෝāļ¨ාāļˇāļē āļģාāļĸāļ´āļ්āˇ āļ¸āˇāļාāļේ āļ¸ෙāˇෙāļēāˇීāļ¸ෙāļą් āļąාāļāļģිāļ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āļ āļ°ිāļාāļģිāļēāļ§ āˇැāļිāļēාāˇ āļŊැāļļී āļිāļļේ. āļ¯āˇāˇāļ් āļļāļŊාāļ´ොāļģෝāļ්āļු āļ¸ැāļ¯ āļ¯ිāļąාāļāļ් āˇාāļ¸āļēāļ§ āļąāˇ āļ āļģුāļāļ් āļෙāļą āļ¯ෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ āļ´ āļ¸ේ āļāļ āļāļģāļą්āļąේ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļąāļēේ āˇ්āˇāļģ්āļĢāļ¸āļē āļēුāļāļēāļāļē. āļ¯ිāļąෙāļą් āļ¯ිāļą āļ¸ේ āļොāļŠāļąැāļෙāļą්āļąේ āļģāļ§ේ āļ āļąාāļāļāļēāļēි. āļ¸ේ āļොāļŠāļąැāļෙāļą්āļąේ āļāļļāļේāļ් āļāļļāļේ āļ¯āļģුāˇාāļේāļ් āˇෙāļ§ āļ¯āˇāˇāļēි.
āˇේāļāˇāļ් āļąාāļāļģීāļāļģāļĢāļēāļ් āˇāļ¸āļ āļŊෝāļāļēේ āˇෑāļ¸ āļģāļ§āļ් āļ¸ āļ¸ුāˇුāļĢāļ´ාāļą āļ´ැāļŊ්āļ´āļ්āˇාāˇීāļą්āļේ āˇා āļ āļŠුāļ´āˇāˇුāļāļ¸් āļĸāļąāļාāˇāļේ āļąිāˇාāˇ āļ āˇāˇ්āļēāļා āˇāļ´ුāļģාāļŊීāļ¸ේ āļ āļˇිāļēෝāļāļē āļĸāļē āļැāļąිāļ¸ිāļą් āˇාāļģ්āļŽāļāˇ āļāļ¯ිāļģිāļē āļāļģා āļෙāļą āļēāļą āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ¯ාāļ¸āļēේ āļąිāļēāļ¸ුāˇāļą් āļŊෙāˇ āļąාāļāļģිāļ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āļ āļ°ිāļාāļģිāļēේ āˇāļˇාāļ´āļි āļąිāļ¸āļŊ් āļ´ෙāļģේāļģා, āļ āļ°්āļēāļ්āˇ āļĸāļąāļģාāļŊ් āˇāļģ්āˇාāļą් āļ¯ āˇිāļŊ්āˇා, āļ āļිāļģේāļ āļ āļ°්āļēāļ්āˇ āļĸāļąāļģාāļŊ් āļļි්āļģāļේāļŠිāļēāļģ් āˇāļ¸āļą්āļ āļĸāļēāˇුāļą්āļ¯āļģ, āļąාāļāļģිāļ āļ´ුāļąāļģ්āļĸීāˇāļą āˇ්āļēාāļ´ෘāļිāļēේ āļ āļ°්āļēāļ්āˇ āļļි්āļģāļේāļŠිāļēāļģ් āļģංāļĸිāļ් āˇāļ¸āļģāˇිංāˇ āļāļුāˇ ු āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģිāˇāļģු āļāļ§āļēුāļු āļāļģāļි.
āļාāļŊ්āļŊāļ§ āļ āļģුāļĢැāļŊ්āļŊāļ්
āļāļąāļ¸් āļāļģ්āļŽිāļāļ¸āļē āļැāļ§āļŊු, āļ´āˇුāļŊ්āˇāļŊ āˇිāˇāļģීāļēාāļ¸, āļ´āˇāļිāļą āˇāļ¸්āļ´āļ්āˇāļŊිāļą් āļāˇāļŊ āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļාāˇāļ් āļŊāļļා āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļąොāˇැāļි āˇීāļ¸ āļēāļą āļාāļģāļĢා āˇේ. āļāļ¸ෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļාāļģāļĢා āļුāˇ ිāļą් āˇ āļ¸ා āļ āļ´āļ ාāļģ, āļාāļą්āļා āˇිංāˇāļąāļē āˇාāļģ්āļා āˇැāļŠිāˇීāļ¸, āļ¯ිāˇිāļąāˇා āļැāļąීāļ¸් āˇැāļŠිāˇීāļ¸, āˇāļ¸ාāļĸāļēීāļē āļ´āļģිāˇාāļąිāļē āļāˇāˇ āļēාāļ¸ āˇැāļŠි āˇී āļāļි āļļāˇāļ¯ āļāļ¸්āļē āļāļģāļēි. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇāļ¸ාāļĸ āļ´්āļģāˇ්āļą āļාāļŊු āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ්āļāļēේ āˇāļු āļāˇ්āļģිāļ āˇ āļĸීāˇāļ්āˇāļą āļ āļŠු āļāļ¯ාāļēāļ¸්āļŊාāļˇී āļĸāļąāļාāˇāļෙāļą් āļāļ¯්āļāļ āˇāļą āˇāļ¸ාāļĸāļēීāļē āļ´්āļģāˇ්āļąāļēāļ් āļŊෙāˇ āļ¯ āˇāļŗුāļąාāļෙāļą āļāļ. āļාāļŊ්āļŊ āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ්āļāļēේ āļ¸ුāˇ ු āļ´āˇුāļŊ් āˇංāļ්āļēාāˇ 269,000āļ් āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āļāļēිāļą් 100,000āļāļ§ āļāˇāļą්āļą āļ´ිāļģිāˇāļ් āļේ āˇāļාāˇ āļāˇ්āļģිāļ āˇ āļĸීāˇිāļාāˇ āļොāļŠāļąāļාāļāļ් āļ´ුāļ¯්āļāļŊāļēāļą් āˇāļą āļ āļāļģ 50,000āļāļ§ āļāˇāļą්āļą āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļ් āļුāļģුāļŗු āˇāļාāˇ āļāˇ්āļģිāļāˇ āļĸීāˇāļąෝāļ´ාāļē āļ¸ාāļģ්āļ āˇāļāˇාāļāļ් āļ´ිāļģිāˇāļ් āˇෙāļි.
āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļāļģුāļĢු āļ´ාāļ¯āļ āļāļģāļāļ් āļාāļŊ්āļŊ āļ¸āˇ āļ¯ිāˇාāļ´āļි, āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ් āļŊේāļāļ¸් āļģāˇීāļą්āļ¯්āļģ āˇේāˇාāˇිāļාāļģāļĢ āļ¸āˇāļා āˇිāˇිāļą් āļාāļŊ්āļŊ āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ්āļāļēේ āļĸāļąāļාāˇāļේ āļැāļ§āļŊු āļ āˇāļ¸ āļāļģ āļĸීāˇāļą āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļē āļāˇāˇ් āļිāļģීāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇා āˇāļ¸ාāļĸ āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļා āˇāļිāļē āļąāļ¸් āļāļģāļ¸ිāļą් āˇāļ¸ාāļĸ āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļා āļ´්āļģāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļąāļāļ§ āˇāļģ්āļāļ¸ාāļąāļēේ āļ¸ුāļŊ් āļ´ිāļēāˇāļģ āļāļļා āļāļ. āļ āļ āļąුāˇ āļ¸ෙāˇි āļ´āˇ āļ¸ු āļ´ිāļēāˇāļģ āˇāˇāļēෙāļą් āļාāļŊ්āļŊ āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ්āļāļēේ āļ්āļģාāļ¸ීāļē āļĸීāˇāļąෝāļ´ාāļē āļ¸ාāļģ්āļāļēāļ් āˇāļą āļුāļŠා āˇāļු āļāˇ්āļģිāļ āļේ, āļුāļģුāļŗු āˇා āļģāļļāļģ් āˇāļාāˇāļą්āˇි āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļාāˇ āļāļ´āļģිāļ¸āļē āˇāļŗāˇා āļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āļ āļāˇ්āļģිāļ āˇ āļĸීāˇāļ්āˇāļą āļĸāļąāļාāˇāļේ āļĸීāˇāļą āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļē āļāˇāˇ් āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļāļ§āļēුāļු āļēොāļ¯ා āļāļ. āļāļ¸āļිāļą් āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ්āļāļēේ āļ´්āļģāļ°ාāļą āļāļŊāļ්āļāļēāļ් āˇāļą āļාāļŊ්āļŊ āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ් āļĸāļąāļාāˇāļේ 9.9%āļ් āˇāļą āļ¯ිāˇ ිāļŗුāļāļ¸ āļ āļŠු āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļ¸ෙāļ¸āļිāļą් āļ āļ´ේāļ්āˇා āļāļģāļēි.
āˇāļģ්āļāļ¸ාāļąāļē āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļą āˇāļŗāˇා āˇ්āļŽාāļ´ිāļ āļ්āļģිāļēාāļාāļģී āļ¸ෙāˇෙāļēුāļ¸් āļāļ¸ිāļ§ුāˇ āļ¸āļිāļą් āļĸීāˇāļąෝāļ´ාāļē āļ¸ාāļģ්āļ āļ¯ෙāļāļ් āļŊෙāˇ āļේ āˇා āļුāļģුāļŗු āļāˇ්āļģිāļ āļĸීāˇāļąෝāļ´ාāļē āļāļ§āļēුāļුāˇāļŊ āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļාāˇ āˇැāļŠිāļ¯ිāļēුāļĢු āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļāļ§āļēුāļු āļēොāļ¯ා āļāļ. āļāļ¸ෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļĸීāˇāļąෝāļ´ාāļēāļą් āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģ āļ āļ°්āļēāļēāļąāļēේ āļ¯ී āļේ āˇා āļුāļģුāļŗු āˇāļŗāˇා āˇිāˇේāˇ āˇෙāˇ ෙāļŗāļ´ොāˇ āļ් āļිāļļීāļ¸, āļැāļąුāļ¸්āļāļģුāˇāļą් āˇāļ¸ීāļ´āļēේ āˇිāļ§ීāļ¸, āˇෙāˇ ෙāļŗāļ´ොāˇ āļāļිāˇāļą āļāˇāˇ āļˇාāļĢ්āļŠ āļ āˇāˇ්āļēāļාāˇ, āˇ්āļģී āļŊාංāļිāļ āļේ āˇා āļāļ¯ේāˇāļą āļąොāˇāļą āļුāļģුāļŗු āˇāļŗāˇා āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļāļŊ්āļŊුāļ¸ āˇා āļ´āļģ්āļēේāˇāļĢ āļ¸āļිāļą් āļŊāļļා āļāļ āˇැāļි āļąāˇ āļąිāļ´ැāļēුāļ¸්āˇāļŊිāļą් āļąිāļģ්āļ¸ිāļ āˇිāˇාāļŊ āˇāļ¸්āļ´āļ් āˇා āˇේāˇා āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļ් āļ´ැāˇāļීāļ¸ āļēāļą āļāļģුāļĢු āļąිāˇා āļේ āˇා āļුāļģුāļŗු āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļēāļą් āˇි āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļාāˇ āļāˇāˇ āļąැංāˇීāļ¸ āˇාāļģ්āļŽāļ āļāļ¯ිāļģි āļāļŊāļ්āļāļēāļ් āļŊෙāˇ āļ¸ේ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§āļ් āˇāļŗුāļąාāļෙāļą āļāļ.
āļ´්āļģāˇāļģ්āļ°āļąāļē āļුāˇ ිāļą් āˇැāļŠි āļāļ¯ාāļēāļ¸āļ් āļŊāļļා āļāļ āˇැāļි āļˇෝāļ āˇāļ¸්āļ´āļāļ් āļŊෙāˇ āļුāļģුāļŗු āˇා āļේ āˇāļාāˇ āˇāļŗුāļąාāļāļ්āļ āļ¯, āļ¸ේ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āļŊāļļා āļāļ āˇැāļි āļāļ´āļģිāļ¸ āļ āˇ්āˇැāļą්āļą āļąෙāˇ ා āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āˇāļාāļāļģුāˇෝ āļ āļ´ොāˇොāˇāļ් āˇී āļිāļļීāļ¸ āļ¯ේāˇීāļē āļāļģ්āļŽිāļāļēāļ§ āļŊැāļļෙāļą āļāļ¯ාāļēāļ¸් āļąොāļŊැāļļී āļēාāļ¸āļි. āļāļąāļ¸් āļුāļŠා āļේ āˇāļු āļ āļ°ිāļාāļģිāļē āļ´āˇāˇāļą āļāļාāļģāļēāļ§ āļ āļ්āļāļģāļēāļිāļą් āļේ āļිāļŊෝ āļ්āļģෑāļ¸් 650 āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļ āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļ් āļŊāļļා āļāļ āˇැāļි āˇුāˇ āļ¯ āˇāļා āˇිāļ¸ිāļāļģුāˇෝ āļේ āļ āļ්āļāļģāļēāļිāļą් āļŊāļļා āļāļą්āļąා āļ¯āˇ ු āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļē āļිāļŊෝ āļ්āļģෑāļ¸් 350āļ āˇාāļ¸ාāļą්āļē āļ āļāļēāļ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļļāˇāļē. āļāļ¸ෙāļą්āļ¸ āļාāļŊ්āļŊ āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ්āļāļē āļුāˇ āļේ āļිāļŊෝ āļ්āļģෑāļ¸් 1000āļ āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļ් āļ āļ්āļāļģāļēāļිāļą් āļŊāļļා āļāļą්āļąා āļ´ිāļģිāˇ 10%āļ් āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ āļŠු āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļ් āļļāˇ āˇāļŗāˇāļą් āˇේ. āļුāļģුāļŗු āļˇෝāļāļē āļැāļą āˇāļŊāļා āļļැāļŊීāļ¸ේ āļ¯ී, āļāˇි āļāļ්āļ්āˇāļē āļ¯ āļāļ¸ āļāļාāļģāļēෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ´āˇāļී. āļāļąāļ¸් āļුāļģුāļŗු āļ āˇ්āˇැāļą්āļą āļිāļŊෝ āļ්āļģෑāļ¸් 150/200āļ āļ āļāļēāļ් āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļ āļāļģ āļ āļ´āļąāļēāļą āļෘāˇිāļāļģ්āļ¸ āļ¯ෙāļ´ාāļģ්āļෙāļ¸්āļą්āļුāˇāļ§ āļ āļąුāˇ āļුāļģුāļŗු āļ āļ්āļāļģāļēāļිāļą් āļුāļģුāļŗු āļිāļŊෝ āļ්āļģෑāļ¸් 450āļ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ āˇ්āˇැāļą්āļąāļ් āˇāˇāļģāļāļ§ āļŊāļļා āļāļ āˇැāļි āļļāˇ āˇāļŗāˇāļą් āˇේ.
āļāļļැāˇිāļą් āļ¸ේ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļා āļ´්āļģāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āļāļ¸ිāļ§ුāˇ āļ¸āļිāļą් āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļාāˇ āļ āļŠු āˇීāļ¸āļ§ āˇේāļු āˇāļŗුāļąාāļāļąිāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇāļී. āļāļąāļ¸් āļ´්āļģāļ°ාāļą āˇāˇāļēෙāļą් āˇāļාāļāļģුāˇෝ āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇා āļ āˇāˇ්āļē āˇේāˇා āļ´āˇāˇුāļāļ¸් āļŊāļļා āļැāļąිāļ¸āļ§ āļāļි āļ āļ´āˇāˇුāļාāˇ, āļāļąāļ¸් āˇේāˇා āˇැāļ´āļēීāļ¸āļ§ āˇිāļ§ිāļą āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą් āļāļĢāļą āļ āļŠු āˇංāļ්āļēාāˇāļ් āˇāļą āļ āļāļģ 90,000āļ් āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āˇāļą āļāļŠāļ¸් āļැāļļāļŊි āˇංāļ්āļēාāˇāļāļ§ āļāˇුāļą්āļේ āļāļ´āļ¯ේāˇāļą āˇේāˇාāˇ āļුāˇ ිāļą් āˇāļාāļāļģුāˇෝ āˇāļŗāˇා āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļˇාāˇāļē āļŊāļļා āļ¯ිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āļ āļ¸āļිāļą් āļāļ් āļ āļēෙāļුāļ§ āļāļŠāļ¸් 4000āļāļ§ āˇāļŠා āˇැāļŠි āˇංāļ්āļēාāˇāļāļ§ āļāļ¸ āļāļ´ෙāļ¯්āˇāļą āˇේāˇාāˇ āˇැāļ´āļēිāļē āļēුāļු āļ āļāļģ āļ āˇāļŗāˇා āļāˇුāļąāļ§ āˇිāļ¸ි āˇāļ¸්āļ´āļ් āˇා āļාāļŊāļē āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāˇāļ් āļąොāˇāļą්āļąේāļē. āļාāļģ්āļēාāļŊ āļුāˇ āļ āļිāļģේāļ āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą් āˇිāļ§ිāļē āļ¯ āļāˇුāˇු āļāļ¸ āļģාāļĸāļාāļģිāļēෙāļą් āļļැāˇැāļģ āļąොāˇāļą āļąිāˇා āˇෙāˇāļ් āˇෙāļąāļ් āļāļ§āļēුāļ්āļāļāļ§ āˇāˇāļē āļ¯ැāļ්āˇීāļ¸āļ§ āļැāļ¸ැāļ්āļ āļąොāļ¯ැāļ්āˇීāļ¸ āļ¸āļ āļāˇුāˇු āļ¸ැāļŗිāļģිāļāļ āļ¸ාāļąāˇිāļāļ්āˇāļēෙāļą් āļēුāļ් āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģිāļēෝ āļŊෙāˇ āˇāļŗුāļąාāļෙāļą āļāļ. āļāˇුāļą්āļේ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¸ාāļąāˇිāļāļ්āˇāļē āļąිāˇා āļ āļිāļģේāļ āˇේāˇා āˇāļ¸්āļ´āļ āˇැāļ¯āļāļ් āļāļ§āļēුāļ්āļāļāļ§ āļ¯ාāļēāļ āļąොāˇāļą āˇāļ¸්āļ´āļāļ් āļŊෙāˇ āļ āļ´āļේ āļēාāļ¸āļ් āˇිāļ¯ුāˇේ.
āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļා āļ´්āļģāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļąේ āļ¯ී āļ´්āļģāļ°ාāļą āˇāˇāļēෙāļą් āˇāļාāļāļģුāˇෝ āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇāļŊāļා āļļැāļŊීāļ¸ේ āļ¯ී āļģāļĸāļē āļ¸āļිāļą් āļŊāļļා āļ¯ෙāļą āļ¯ැāļąුāļ¸ āļŊāļļා āļැāļąීāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇා āˇංāˇිāļ°ාāļąāļāļ āˇීāļ¸ āļ āļŠුāˇීāļ¸ āļˇෝāļ āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļාāˇ āļ āļŠු āļ¸āļ§්āļ§āļ¸āļ āļ´ැāˇāļීāļ¸āļ§ āˇේāļු āˇී āļāļ. āļ āļ āļąුāˇ āļ¸ෙāˇි āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļ¯ුāļģ්āˇāļŊāļා āˇāļŗුāļąාāļāļ් āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāˇු āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļා āļ´්āļģāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļąāļ§ āˇāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āˇāļą්āļąේ āˇිāļēāļŊ්āļŊ āļ āˇāļļෝāļ° āļāļģāļāļ් āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļēāļිāļą් āļ´āˇු āˇිāˇāļē āļ්āˇේāļ්āļģāļēේ āˇිāļē āļාāļģ්āļēāļēāļ§ āļāˇා āļිāļē āļ¸ැāļ¯ිāˇāļ් āˇීāļ¸āļāļ§āļē. āļ´්āļģාāļēෝāļිāļāˇ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇැāļŠāļ´ිāˇ ිāˇෙāˇ āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļ āļˇිāļēෝāļāļēāļ් āˇුāˇ āļ¯ āļāļ¸āļිāļą් āļĸāļąāļාāˇāļේ āļĸීāˇāļą āļ āļģ්āļļුāļ¯ āˇිāˇāļŗා āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¸āļ āļ´ෙāļą්āˇීāļ¸ āļ āļģāļ¸ුāļĢු āļāļģ āļෙāļą āļāļ.
āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇැāļŠāļ´ිāˇ ිāˇෙāˇ āļāļģāļ¸්āļˇāļēේ āļ¯ී āļ´්āļģāļŽāļ¸āļēෙāļą් āļ¸ āļාāļŊ්āļŊ āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ් āļŊේāļāļ¸්āļුāļ¸ාāļේ āļāļ´āļ¯ෙāˇ් āļ āļąුāˇ āļ´්āļģාāļ¯ේāˇීāļē āļāļĢ්āļŠාāļēāļ¸් āˇංāļāļŊ්āļ´āļē āˇāˇිāļļāļŊ āļැāļą්āˇීāļ¸āļ§ āļāļ§āļēුāļු āļēොāļ¯ා āļāļ. āļ āļ āļąුāˇ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļāļ§āļēුāļ්āļ āļāļ¯ෙāˇා āˇāˇāļ¸āļ āļ්āļģාāļ¸ āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģී, āˇāļ¸ෘāļ¯්āļ°ි āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģී ,āļෘāˇි āļ´āļģ්āļēේāˇāļĢ āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģී āˇා āļāļģ්āļŽිāļ āˇංāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģී āļēāļą āļāļĢ්āļŠාāļēāļ¸ āļ¸ුāļŊිāļ āļāļģāļෙāļą āļāļ. āļ āļāļාāļģāļēෙāļą් āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļāļĢ්āļŠාāļēāļ¸ āļ´්āļģාāļ¯ේāˇීāļē āļŊේāļāļ¸් āļāˇි āļąිāļēāļ¸ුāˇා āˇāˇāļēෙāļą් āļ´්āļģාāļ¯ේāˇීāļē āļ¸ෙāˇෙāļēුāļ¸් āļāļ¸ිāļ§ුāˇේ āļāļģāļ¸්āļˇāļē 2012 āˇāļģ්āˇāļēේ āˇිāļ§ āļ āļāļĢ්āļŠāˇ āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āˇāļą්āļąāļි. āļ´්āļģāļŽāļ¸āļēෙāļą් āļුāļģුāļŗු āˇāļාāˇේ āļąිāļēුāļු 31āļ¯ෙāļąෙāļු āˇāļ¸āļ āˇාāļāļ ්āļĄා āļāļģ āļāļģāļ¸්āļˇ āļāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļą āˇāļිāļ´āļා āļ´āˇāļ්āˇāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ´්āļģාāļ¯ේāˇීāļē āļ¸ෙāˇෙāļēුāļ¸් āļāļ¸ිāļ§ුāˇāļŊ āļීāļą්āļ¯ු āļීāļģāļĢ āļ¸āļ āļāļ¯ිāļģි āļාāļģ්āļēāļēāļą්āļ§ āˇැāļŊāˇුāļ¸් āˇāļāˇ් āļāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ී. āļ¸ෙāˇි āļ¯ී āˇිāˇේāˇāļēෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ āļ´āļąāļēāļą āļෘāˇිāļāļģ්āļ¸ āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą්, āļුāļŠා āļේ āˇāļු āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą් āˇා āˇෙāˇු āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģීāļą් āˇිāˇිāļą් āļˇෝāļ āˇāļාāļāļģුāˇෝ āˇāļŗāˇා āļāļ¸ āļāļŠāļ¸්āˇāļŊ āļāļි āļˇෝāļāˇāļŊ āˇāļු āļāļģ්āļŽිāļ āˇāļ§ිāļąාāļāļ¸ āˇා āļ āˇāļŗāˇා āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāˇ āˇැāļŠිāļ¯ිāļēුāļĢු āļāļģ āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āˇැāļි āļ්āļģāļ¸ āļැāļą āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļˇාāˇāļēāļ§ āļෙāļą āļāļ¸ිāļą් āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļාāˇ āļ āļŠුāˇීāļ¸āļ§ āˇේāļුāˇāļą āļාāļģāļĢා āļ´ැāˇැāļ¯ිāļŊි āļāļģ āļ¯ෙāļąු āļŊැāļļීāļē. āļ āļ āļąුāˇ āļ´āˇේ āļāļ¸්āļŊිāļāļාāˇāļē āˇෙāļąāˇ්āˇීāļ¸ āļ¸āļ āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļාāˇ āˇෙāļąāˇ් āˇāļą āļļāˇāļ¯ āļ´āˇ āˇංāļģāļ්āˇāļĢāļē, āļ´āļŗුāļģු āļ´ාāļŊāļąāļē, āļ´āˇāļ§ āļැāļŊāļ´ෙāļą āļāˇāˇ් āļ´ොāˇොāļģ āļˇාāˇිāļāļē āˇා āļ āˇ්āˇැāļą්āļą āļŊāļļා āļැāļąීāļ¸ේ āļ¯ී āļේ āļ¯āˇ ු āļąෙāˇ ීāļ¸ේ āļ්āļģāļ¸āˇāļ් āļˇාāˇāļē, āļුāļģුāļŗු āļ āˇ්āˇැāļą්āļą āļŊāļļා āļāļą්āļąා āļąිāˇැāļģāļ¯ි āļ්āļģāļ¸āļēāļą් āļēāļą āļ āˇ්āˇැāļą්āļą āˇැāļŠි āļāļģ āļāļāˇැāļි āļ්āļģāļ¸āļēāļą් āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇāļාāļāļģුāˇāļą් āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļˇාāˇāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ් āļāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ී.
āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļාāļŊ āˇāļāˇාāļąුāˇේ āļ¯ී āļŊāļļාāļāļ් āļ´්āļģāļāļිāļē āļ¸ූāļŊිāļ āļ´āļ¯āļąāļ¸ āļāļģāļāļ් āļ´්āļģාāļ¯ේāˇීāļē āļąිāļēāļ¸ුāˇෝ āļ¸ෙāˇි āļāļ¯ිāļģි āļāļ¸āļą āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ් āļ¸āļ§්āļ§āļ¸ේ āˇාāļāļ ්āļĄාāˇāļą් āļāļģāļ¸්āļˇ āļāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯්āļ¯ේ āļ¸ුāļ¯āļŊ් āļ āļ¸ාāļ්āļēාංāˇāļēේ āļ¯ āļ āļąුāļ¯ැāļąුāļ¸ āļ āļැāļිāˇāļē. āļ āļēāļ§āļේ āļ¸ේ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļා āļ´්āļģāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļą āļ¸āļිāļą් āˇāļ´ුāļģාāļāļ් āļāļŊāļ්āļ āļŊෙāˇ āļාāļ්āˇāļĢිāļ āļැāļ§āļŊු āˇිāˇāļŗා āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļ āļ āļˇෝāļāļēāļą්āļ§ āļ āļ¯ාāˇ āˇ āˇේāˇා āļāļ´āļ¯ෙāˇ් āļŊāļļා āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āˇāļු āˇිāļ¸ිāļēāļą්āļ§ āļ āˇāˇ්āļŽාāˇ āļŊāļļා āļ¯ීāļ¸ āˇා āˇāļු āˇිāļ¸ිāļēāļą්āļේ āļැāļ§āļŊු āˇිāˇāļŗා āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļ්āļģාāļ¸ීāļē āˇා āļ´්āļģාāļ¯ේāˇීāļē āļ¸āļ§්āļ§āļ¸ිāļą් āˇංāˇිāļ°ාāļą āļĸාāļŊāļēāļ් āļąිāļģ්āļ¸ාāļĢāļē āļāļģ āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļ´āˇුāļļිāļ¸ āˇāļāˇ් āļāļģāļ¯ීāļ¸ āˇ āļා āļāļģ āļāļ් āˇාāļģ්āļŽāļ āļāļŊāļ්āļāļēāļą් āˇේ.
āˇāļģ්āļāļ¸ාāļąāļē āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¯ැāˇැāļą්āļ āˇāļ§ිāļąා āļ¸ෙāˇෙāļēුāļ¸ āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ්āļāļē āļුāˇ āļ¸ෙāˇෙāļēුāļ¸් āļāļ¸ිāļ§ු 18āļ් āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āˇේ. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļąේ āļāļ¯ිāļģි āˇැāļŊāˇුāļ¸් āˇāļāˇ් āļāļģāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´්āļģāļ°ාāļą āļāļŊāļ්āļāļēāļą් āļ¯ිāļąා āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļāļ¸ිāļ§ුāˇ āļුāˇ āļāļි āˇāļ§ිāļąා āļ¸ āˇාāļ°āļāļē āˇāļą්āļąේ āļāļ´ āļ¸ෙāˇෙāļēුāļ¸් āļāļ¸ිāļ§ු 18āˇි āļ්āļģිāļēාāļාāļģිāļ්āˇāļēāļēි. āļāˇි āļ්āļģිāļēාāļාāļģිāļ්āˇāļē āļēāļąු āļාāļŊු āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ්āļāļēේ āļ āļąාāļāļ āˇුāļļ āļąිāļ¸ිāļි āˇේ.
2013/2014 āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļා āļ´්āļģāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļą āļ¸ෙāˇේ āˇාāļģ්āļŽāļ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ 2 āˇāļą āļ āļ¯ිāļēāļģ āļŊෙāˇ 2015 āļ¯ී āˇāļ´ුāļģාāļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļāļŊāļ්āļ āļāļģāļෙāļą āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļ āļģāļ¸ුāļĢු āļිāˇිāļ´āļēāļ් āļ´āˇāļී.
01. āļ´āˇ āļ¸ු āļ āļ¯ිāļēāļģේ āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āˇු āļ්āļģාāļ¸ āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģී āˇāˇāļ¸්āˇāļŊ āļ´āˇāˇුāļාāļģāļāļēāļą් 1105āļ āļේ āļ¸ැāļ¯ිāˇāļ්āˇීāļ¸ āļ¸āļ āļąāˇ āļ´āˇුāļŊ් 10,000āļ් āˇāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āļāļģ āļැāļąීāļ¸.
02. āļ´්āļģāļĸා āˇංāˇිāļ°ාāļą āļ්āļģිāļēාāļාāļģීāļą් āļ āļāļģිāļą් āˇāˇāļ¸āļāļ§ 05 āļļැāļිāļą් āˇāˇāļ¸් 284āļ් āˇāļŗāˇා āļ¸ැāļ¯ිāˇāļ්āļāļģුāˇāļą් 1420āļ් āˇāļŗුāļąාāļෙāļą āļāļ් āļ´්āļģāļĸා āļ්āļģිāļēාāļාāļģිāļēෙāļුāļ§ āļąāˇ āˇāˇāļ¸ āļුāˇ āļąāˇ āļ´āˇුāļŊ් 10 āļļැāļිāļą් āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļąāļ§ āļēොāļ¸ු āļāļģ āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļāļ§āļēුāļු āļිāļģීāļ¸.
03. āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ්āļāļēේ āļāļිāļģි āļ්āļģාāļ¸ āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģි āˇāˇāļ¸් 612 āļුāˇ āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļą āļāļģāļ¸්āļˇ āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļ¸āļිāļą් āļąāˇ āļ´āˇුāļŊ් āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļą āˇāļŗāˇා āˇāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āļāļģ āļැāļąීāļ¸, āļ āļුāˇ ිāļą් 48,680āļ āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ´āˇāˇුāļාāļģāļāļēāļą් āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļąāļ§ āļāļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļ āļ´ේāļ්āˇා āļāļģāļēි.
āˇිāļ°ිāļ¸āļ්āˇ āļ´ිāļēāˇāļģ āļāļļāļ¸ිāļą් āļāļ¯ිāļģිāļēāļ§ āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢෙāļą āļාāļŊු āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ්āļāļēේ āļāˇāļ් āˇාāļ°āļąීāļē āˇුāļˇ āļŊāļුāļĢāļ් āˇāļą āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļĩāļŊāļ¯ාāļēිāļා āļ´්āļģāˇāļģ්āļ°āļą āˇැāļŠāˇāļ§āˇāļą āļාāļŊ්āļŊāļ§ āˇැāļļැāˇිāļą්āļ¸ āˇෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´ාāļēāļą āļ āļģුāļĢාāļŊෝāļāļēāļ් āˇ āˇෙāļ§ āļ¯ිāļą āļ´්āļģාāļĢāˇāļ් āļāļģāļą āļ¸āˇා āˇිāļģු āļāļ¯āļ¸්āļˇāļēāļ්āˇ āļāļē āļාāļŊු āļොāļ§ුāˇ āļ¯ෙāˇිāļą් āļ´ෙāļąෙāļą āˇුāļą්āļ¯āļģāļ්āˇāļēෙāļą් āļ´ිāļģි āˇිāļģුāļ§ āˇāļŠා āļāļāļු āļāˇ āļ āļāļēāļ් āˇāˇිāļ āˇ āļ¯ිāļ¯ුāļŊāļą āļģැāˇ් āļ¯āˇāļģāļ් āˇāļąු āļāļ.
āˇāļŗ āˇී āļēāļą āˇිāļŊ් āļ¸ුāˇා āļģැāļāļāļąිāļ¸ු
āļŊංāļාāˇේ āļāļා āļ¸ āˇීāļ¸ිāļ āˇ්āļēාāļ´්āļිāļēāļ් āļāļි āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą් āļෙāļ් āļāļŊාāļ´āļēේ āļāˇ ුāļāļģ āˇා āļාāļŊ්āļŊ āļ¯ිāˇ්āļ්āļģිāļ්āļ āļ¯ෙāļෙāˇි āļ¯ āļģāļ§ āļුāˇ āļ§ āˇāļą්āļąāļ§ āˇ්āļŽාāļą āļිāˇිāļ´āļēāļ āˇා āˇෙāļģāˇ āļļāļŠ āļāļŊාāļ´āļē āļāˇ්āļģිāļ āļ´āˇāļ් āļļිāļ¸් āļ´්āļģāļ¯ේāˇāˇāļŊ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļ් āˇාāļģ්āļා āˇේ. āļ¸āļුāļāļ¸, āļļුāļŊāļ්āˇිංāˇāļŊ, āļ āļ¸්āļļāļŊāļą්āļොāļŠ, āļෝāļąāļ´ිāļąුāˇāļŊ, āļāļ්āļāļŗුāļģ, āļāļģāļą්āļ¯ෙāļĢිāļē, āļෙāļŊ්āˇāļ්āļ, āļļāļ§āļ´ොāˇ , āļāļģāļāˇ්āļ¸ංāˇāļą්āļ¯ිāļē āˇා āļ¸ාāļŗු āļāļ āļāˇ්āļģිāļ āļ¯ූāļ´āļ්āˇāļŊ āļ¯ āˇුāˇ ු āˇāˇāļēෙāļą් āļ¸ොāˇුāļą් āļĸීāˇāļ් āˇෙāļි. āļāˇි āˇāļුāļģු āļļිāļ¸්, āļ´āļ¯ුāļģු āˇāļąාāļą්āļāļģ, āļුāļģුāļŗු āˇāļු āļāˇ්āļģිāļ āļ´්āļģāļ¯ේāˇāˇāļŊ āˇා āļāļŠොāļŊාāļą āļāˇ්āļģිāļ āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāˇāļŊ āļĸීāˇāļ් āˇේ. āļāˇෙāļ් āļ¯ැāļąāļ§ āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą් āˇාāļģ්āļා āˇāļą āļ´්āļģāļ¯ේāˇāˇāļŊ āˇුāļ¯ුāˇු āˇාāˇāˇ්āļŽාāļą āļļොāˇොāļ¸āļēāļ් āļāˇ ි āļ´ෙāˇෙāˇ ි āˇීāļ¸ āˇේāļුāˇෙāļą් āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą් āļේ āļāˇāļąāļē āˇීāļ්āļģāļēෙāļą් āļ´āˇāˇ āļēāļ¸ිāļą් āļ´āˇāļී.
āļ¸ේ āļ´්āļģāļ¯ේāˇāˇāļŊ āļĸāļąāļාāˇ āˇිāļŊ් āļ¸ුāˇා āˇāļා āļļෝāļ āļāˇාāļģāļēāļ§ āļāļą්āļąා āˇāļුāļģෙāļු āļŊෙāˇ āˇāļŊāļāļēි. āļිāļģිāˇāļ¯ිāļą āļොāļēāļ¸්, āļුāļģුāļŗු āļ¯āˇ ු, āļāˇ āˇāˇ ු āļļෝāļāˇāļŊ āļ¯āˇ ු āļāˇාāļģāļēāļ§ āļැāļąීāļ¸āļ§ āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą් āļģාāļ්āļģී āļාāļŊāļēේ āļ¯ී āˇāļාāļļිāļ¸්āˇāļŊāļ§ āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢේ. āļāˇේ āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢෙāļą āˇāļුāļą්āˇ āˇිāļ¯ුāļŊි āˇැāļģ āļēෙāļ¯ීāļ¸ෙāļą් āˇා āļ¸āˇ āļ´ුāļŠු āˇැāļąි āļāļුāļŊ් āļāļ§āˇීāļ¸ෙāļą් āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ් āļāļģāļēි. āļāļාāļ¸ āˇීāļ¸ිāļ āļāˇāļąāļēāļ් āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļ් āļĸීāˇāļ් āˇāļą āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą් āļ¸ේ āļ āļēුāļģිāļą් āļ¸āļģා āļ¸āˇ් āˇිāļිāļĢීāļ¸ āļ¸ේ āļ´්āļģāļ¯ේāˇāˇāļŊ āļļāˇුāļŊāˇ āˇිāļ¯ු āļāļģāļēි. āˇිāˇේāˇāļēෙāļą් āļ¸ෙāļē āļ āļ¸්āļļāļŊāļą්āļොāļŠ, āļāļģāļą්āļ¯ෙāļĢිāļē, āļļāļ§āļ´ොāˇ āˇා āļāļģāļāˇ්āļ¸āļą්āˇāļą්āļ¯ිāļē āˇැāļąි āļ´්āļģāļ¯ේāˇāˇāļŊ āļļāˇුāļŊ āˇ āˇිāļ¯ුāˇāļą්āļąāļි.
āļŊංāļාāˇේ āļāļා āļ¸ āˇීāļ¸ිāļ āˇ්āļēාāļ´්āļිāļēāļ් āļāļි āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą් āļāˇිāļēාāˇේ āļģāļ§āˇāļŊ් āļිāˇිāļ´āļēāļ āļ¸ āˇාāļģ්āļා āˇේ. āļąේāļ´ාāļŊāļē, āļˇූāļාāļąāļē, āļļංāļ්āļŊාāļ¯ේāˇāļē, āļ¸ිāļēāļą්āļ¸ාāļģāļē, āļාāļēිāļŊāļą්āļāļē, āˇිāļēāļ§්āļąාāļ¸āļē, āļ´āļිāˇ්āļාāļąāļē āˇා āļāļą්āļ¯ිāļēාāˇ āˇැāļąි āļģāļ§āˇāļŊ āļ¸ේ āˇිāˇේāˇāļē āˇ්āļēාāļ´්āļ āˇ āˇිāļ§ී. āļāļą්āļ¯ිāļēාāˇේ āļāļģāļ¸āļ් āļļāˇුāļŊ āˇ āˇාāˇāļē āļāļģāļą āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą් āļļෙංāļාāļŊāļē, āļāļුāļģු āļāļą්āļ¯ිāļēාāˇ, āļ´ංāļĸාāļļāļē āˇා āļāˇැāļ¸āļē āļēāļą āļ´්āļģāļ¯ේāˇāˇāļŊ āļĸීāˇāļ් āˇේ. āļ¸ිāļēāļą්āļ¸ාāļģāļēේ āļāļŠොāļŊාāļą āˇāļąාāļą්āļāļģāˇāļŊ āļāļģāļ¸āļ් āļļāˇුāļŊ āˇ āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą් āˇාāļģ්āļා āˇේ.
āˇිāļŊ් āļ¸ුāˇා āļŊංāļාāˇේ āļāļා āˇීāļ¸ිāļ āļ´්āļģāļ¯ේāˇāļēāļ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļ් āˇ්āļēාāļ´්āļ āˇ āˇිāļ§ිāļą āļļැāˇිāļą් āˇāļ¸āˇāļģුāļą් āļ¸ේ āˇිāˇේāˇāļē āļēāļ§āļ් āˇිāļĸිāļ āļēුāļāļēේ āļ¯ී āļ¯āļŠāļēāļ¸ āļ´ිāļĢිāˇ āļŊංāļාāˇāļ§ āˇāļŗුāļą්āˇා āļ¯ුāļą් āˇāļ්āļ්āˇ āˇිāˇේāˇāļēāļ් āļŊෙāˇ āˇāļŗුāļą්āˇāļēි. āļāˇෙāļ් āļ āˇāļŗāˇා āļිāˇිāļ¯ු āļŊිāļිāļ āˇෝ āˇෙāļąāļ් āˇාāļ°āļ āļąොāļ¸ැāļි āļ āļāļģ āļ¸ේ āˇිāˇේāˇāļē āļāļ āļ āļීāļāļēේ āˇිāļ§ āļŊංāļාāˇේ āļĸීāˇāļ් āˇූ āļļāˇāļ§ āˇාāļ°āļ āļ´āˇāļී. āˇāˇāļģ 14000 āļ් āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ´ැāļģāļĢි āļ āļŊāˇāļŊ āļ´ොāļ්āļුāļŊ් āļŊෙāļą āļැāļąීāļ¸ේ āļ¯ී āˇිāļŊ් āļ¸ුāˇා āļේ āļēāļ§ි āˇāļąුāˇේ āļ¯āļāļ āļොāļ§āˇ් āˇāļ¸ු āˇී āļāļ. āļ āļāļŊ් āļŊෙāļąෙāˇි āˇāļ¸ු āˇූ āˇāļ්āļ්āˇ āļąිāļ¯āļģ්āˇāļ āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļāļ ාāļģ්āļē āļාāļ¸ිāļĢී āļ āļ°ිāļාāļģි āļ¸āˇāļා āˇāļ¸āļ āļ´āļģ්āļēේāˇāļĢāˇāļŊ āļąිāļģāļ āˇāļą āļැāˇ ුāļ¸් āļ¸āļąāļ¸ේāļą්āļ¯්āļģ āļāļģāļ ්āļ ි āļ¸āˇāļා āˇිāˇිāļą් āļ¸ේ āļļāˇ āļāˇāˇුāļģු āļāļģ āļිāļļේ.
āļ āļ āļąුāˇ āˇිāļŊ් āļ¸ුāˇා āļāļ āļ āļීāļāļēේ āˇිāļ§ āļ¸ āļŊංāļාāˇේ āļĸීāˇāļ් āˇූ āļļāˇāļ§ āļāˇāˇුāļģු āˇේ. āļāˇ āļ¯ āļ¯ැāļąāļ§ āˇāļŠා āļ´ුāˇ ුāļŊ් āˇ්āļēාāļ´්āļිāļēāļ් āļ¸ේ āˇāļා āļේ āļ āļීāļāļēේ āļිāļļෙāļą්āļąāļ§ āļāļැāļēි āˇිāˇ්āˇාāˇ āļāˇ āˇැāļි āļē. āļāˇ āļ¯ āļŊංāļාāˇේ āˇාāļģ්āļා āˇāļą āˇිāˇේāˇāļēේ āļŊāļ්āˇāļĢ āˇා āļāļą්āļ¯ිāļēාāˇේ āˇාāļģ්āļා āˇāļą āˇිāˇේāˇāļēේ āļŊāļ්āˇāļĢ āļ āļāļģ āļ´ුāˇ ුāļŊ් āˇෙāļąāˇāļ් āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļļāˇ āļļොāˇෝ āļ´āļģ්āļēේāˇāļāļēිāļą් āļේ āļ¸āļāļēāļēි. āļ¸ේ āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āˇැāļŠිāļ¯ුāļģ āļ´āļģ්āļēේāˇāļĢāˇāļŊ āļąිāļģāļ āˇුāˇāˇොāļ් āļ¸ේ āˇිāˇේāˇāļē āļŊංāļාāˇāļ§ āļāˇේāļĢිāļ āˇිāˇේāˇāļēāļ් āˇීāļ¸ේ āˇැāļŠි āˇැāļිāļēාāˇāļ් āļāļි āļļāˇ āļ¯ැāļąāļ§ āˇිāļ¯්āļēාāļĨāļēිāļą් āļ āļāļģ āļ´āˇāļිāļą āļ¸āļāļēāļි.
āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēෙāļą් āˇෙāļą්āļ§ිāļ¸ීāļ§āļģ 60 - 65āļ් āļ āļāļģ āļāˇිāļą් āļēුāļ් āˇිāļŊ් āļ¸ුāˇා āļේ āˇāļģීāļģ āˇāļģ්āļĢāļē āļāļාāļාāļģ āļŊා āļ¯ුāļšුāļģු āļ´ැāˇැāļි āļē. āˇāļģීāļģ āļ´්āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēෙāļą් āļිāļ් āļ¸ුāˇාāļ§ āˇāļŠා āļුāļŠා āˇāļą āļ āļāļģ āļāļŊු āļ¸ුāˇාāļ§ āˇāļŠා āļāļģāļ¸āļ් āˇිāˇාāļŊ āļē. āˇāļģීāļģāļēේ āˇුāļ¯ු āļ´ැāˇැāļි āļිāļ් āļąොāļ¸ැāļි āļļැāˇිāļą් āļිāļ් āļ¸ුāˇාāļේ āˇāļģීāļģ āˇāļģ්āļĢāļē āļģāļු - āļ¯ුāļšුāļģු āļ´ැāˇැāļēāļ් āļāļą්āļąා āļļැāˇිāļą් āļāļŊු āļ¸ුāˇා āļෙāļą් āļ¯ āˇෙāļą් āļāļģ āˇāļŗුāļąා āļāļ āˇැāļි āļē. āļ´ිāļģිāļ¸ි āˇāļුāļą්āļ§ āļොāļ§āˇ් āļුāļąāļāļ§ āļļෙāļ¯ුāļĢු āļ ං āļēුāļāļŊāļ් āˇිāļ¸ි āļē. āˇාāļ´ේāļ්āˇāˇ āļāļģāļ¸āļ් āļ¯ිāļ් āˇූ āˇāļŊිāļāļēāļ් āļ¯āļģāļĢ āļ¸ේ āˇāļා āļේ āļ´ාāļ¯ āļāļģāļ¸āļ් āļෙāļ§ි āˇ්āˇāļˇාāˇāļēāļ් āļāļąී. āļāˇ් āļ´ැāˇැāļ¯ිāļŊි āˇ āļąෙāļģා āļ´ෙāļąෙāļą āļ āļāļģ āļāˇ ු āļ´ැāˇැāļēෙāļą් āļēුāļ්āļ āˇේ.
āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą් āļāļģāļ්āˇා āļිāļģීāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇා āļ´්āļģāļ°ාāļą āˇāˇāļēෙāļą් āļ¸ āˇාāˇāˇ්āļŽාāļą āļāļģāļ්āˇා āļිāļģීāļ¸ āˇිāļ¯ු āļāˇ āļēුāļු āļē. āļ āˇāļŗāˇා āļ´ුāˇ ුāļŊ් āˇැāļŠāļ´ිāˇ ිāˇෙāļŊāļ් āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļāˇ āļēුāļු āˇ āļāļ. āļ¸ීāļ§ āļ āļ¸āļāļģ āˇ āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą් āˇිāˇිāļ° āļāļාāļģāļēෙāļą් āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āļ´āļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļāļģෙāˇි āˇ āļąීāļි āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļāˇ āļēුāļු āˇ āļāļ.
2009 āļ ංāļ 22 āļ¯āļģāļą āļ´āļąāļිāļą් āļ āˇāˇāļą් āˇāļģāļ§ āˇංāˇෝāļ°ිāļ āˇāļą āˇāļ්āļ්āˇ āˇා āˇෘāļ්āˇāļŊāļා āļāļģāļ්āˇāļ āļāļĨා āļ´āļąāļāļ§ āļ āļąුāˇ āˇිāļŊ් āļ¸ුāˇා āļāļģāļ්āˇිāļ āˇāļෙāļි. āļ´āļąāļේ 30 āˇāļą āˇāļāļą්āļිāļēāļ§ āļ āļąුāˇ āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą්āļ§ āļුāˇාāļŊ āˇිāļ¯ු āļිāļģීāļ¸, āļ¸ැāļģීāļ¸, āļ āļŊ්āļŊා āļැāļąීāļ¸, āļ āļŊ්āļŊා āļැāļąීāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇා āļ¸āˇ āļ´ුāļŠුāˇāļ්, āļāļුāļŊāļ්, āļුāˇāļ්āļුāˇāļ්, āļ´ොāļŊ්āļŊāļ් āˇෝ āˇෙāļąāļ් āļāļ´āļāļģāļĢāļēāļ් āļˇාāˇිāļ āļිāļģීāļ¸, āļ¸āļģāļĢ āļŊāļ¯ āˇෝ āļ āļŊ්āļŊා āļāļąු āļŊැāļļූ āˇāļෙāļු āˇෝ āˇāļා āļේ āļොāļ§āˇāļ් (āļ¸āˇ් āļāļුāˇ ුāˇ) āˇ āļ āļāļļා āļැāļąීāļ¸ āˇෝ āˇāļą්āļāļāļēේ āļāļļා āļැāļąීāļ¸, āļ¸āˇ් āˇිāļිāļĢීāļ¸ āˇෝ āˇිāļිāļĢීāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇා āļ´්āļģāļ¯āļģ්āˇāļąāļē āļිāļģීāļ¸, āˇāļ¸් āˇෝ āļ ං āļāļ§්āļ§ු āˇ āļ āļāļļා āļැāļąීāļ¸ āļ¯āļŦුāˇāļ¸් āļŊැāļļිāļē āˇැāļි āˇāļģāļ¯āļි. āļ¸ෙāˇැāļąි āˇāļģāļ¯āļāļ§ āˇāļģāļ¯āļāļģු āˇූ āļ´ුāļ¯්āļāļŊāļēāļුāļ§ āļģු. 20,000āļāļ§ āļąොāļ āļŠු āˇෝ āļģු. 50,000āļāļ§ āļąොāˇැāļŠි āļ¯āļŠāļēāļ් āˇෝ āļ āˇුāļģුāļ¯ු āļ¯ෙāļāļāļ§ āļ āļŠු āļąොāˇāļą āˇෝ āļ āˇුāļģුāļ¯ු āļ´āˇāļāļ§ āˇැāļŠි āļąොāˇāļą āļාāļŊāļēāļ් āˇāļŗāˇා āˇූ āļļāļą්āļ°āļąාāļාāļģ āļāļ āļිāļģීāļ¸āļ් āˇෝ āļ āļ¯āļŠāļē āˇāˇ āļļāļą්āļ°āļąාāļාāļģ āļāļ āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļēāļą āļ¯ෙāļāļ§ āļ¸ āˇෝ āļēāļ§āļ් āˇිāļē āļēුāļු āļē.
āļ¸ේ āļąීāļි āļ්āļģිāļēාāļ්āļ¸āļ āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļ් āļąො āˇ āļĸāļąāļාāˇ āļ āļ´ිāˇ ිāļļāļŗ āˇ āļ¯ැāļąුāļ¸්āˇāļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸ āļුāˇ ිāļą් āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą් āļģැāļ āļැāļąීāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇා āļēොāļ¸ු āˇීāļ¸ āļ āļ¯ āˇāļą āˇිāļ§ āļ āļ්āļēāˇāˇ්āļē āˇ āļිāļļේ.
Monday, 2 March 2015
āļ ීāļą āļļෞāļ¯්āļ° āˇāļ්āļē āļāļා
āļˇāļēාāļąāļ āļāļ´āļą්āļ¯ිāļą āˇාāļ¯āļē
āļිāˇි āļ´්āļģාāļĢāļාāļāļēāļ් āļąොāļāļģāļą āļļāˇāļ§ āļ¯ිāˇුāļģුāļ¸් āļ¯ෙāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļģාāļĸ්āļē āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģිāļēෙāļ් āˇිāļ§ිāļēේāļē. āļąāļ¸ුāļ් āļāˇුāļේ āļļිāļģිāļē āļෲāļģ āļ ේāļāļąා āˇāˇ āļෑāļ¯āļģ āļ¸ුāļāļēāļ් āˇāˇිāļ āļāļ්āļිāļēāļ් āˇූāˇාāļē. āļāļē āˇෑāļ¸ āļ¯ිāļąāļēāļāļ¸ āļāļ¸ාāļ§ āļģāˇ āļļොāļĸුāļąāļ් āļ´ිāˇ
ිāļēෙāļŊ āļāļģ āļැāļąීāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇා āļ´āļĢ āļāļි āˇāļāļුāļේ āļ¯ිāˇි āļąāˇා āļ¯ැāļ¸්āļ¸ාāļē. āļāˇෙāļ් āļāļēāļේ āˇ්āˇාāļ¸ි āļ´ුāļģුāˇāļēා āļිāˇි āļ¯ිāļąāļ āļāˇේ āļාāļāļąāļē āļāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļිāˇිāļ¸ āˇāļāļුāļේ āļ¸āˇāļ් āļāˇාāļģ āļ´ිāļĢිāˇ āļąොāļāļ්āļේāļē.
āļāļ් āˇāļģ්āˇāļēāļ āļāļēāļේ āļāļ´āļą් āļ¯ිāļąāļē āļ¸āˇ āļāˇāˇ ිāļą් āļ´ැāˇැāļ්āˇීāļ¸āļ§ āļāļ§āļēුāļු āˇāļāˇ් āļāˇ ාāļē. āļ āˇāļŗāˇා āˇāļą āˇාāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļāļģāļą් , āļāˇ ුāˇāļą්, āļුāļුāļŊāļą් āˇා āļාāļģාāˇුāļą් āˇැāļąි āļ´්āļģාāļĢීāļą් āˇිāˇාāļŊ āˇංāļ්āļēාāˇāļ් āļāļ්āļැāļą් āļොāļ§ āļ¸āļģāļĢāļē āˇāļŗāˇා āˇූāļ¯ාāļąāļ¸් āļොāļ§ āļිāļļුāļĢි.
āļāļේ āˇ්āˇාāļ¸ිāļ´ුāļģුāˇāļēා āˇāļą āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģිāļēා āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āļැāļ´ āˇී āˇිāļ§ිāļą āˇāļුāļą් āļ¯ැāļ āļ¸āˇāļ් āˇේ āļāļąāļාāļ§ුāˇāļ§ āˇා āļąොāˇāļුāļ§āļ§ āļ´āļ්āˇ āļļිāļģිāļŗ āļ āļ¸āļා āļ¸ෙāˇේ āļීāˇේāļē.” āļāļļ āļāļļāļේ āļāļ´āļą් āļ¯ිāļąāļē āˇāļ¸āļģා āˇāļුāļ§ුāˇෙāļą්āļąෙ āļ¸ේ āļ āˇිංāˇāļ āˇāļුāļą්āļ§ āļ¸āļģāļĢ āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇ āļ¯ීāļŊāļēි, āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āļැāļ´āˇෙāļŊා āļāļą්āļą āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą්āļ§ āļāļļ āļ āļąුāļāļ¸්āļ´ා āļāˇ āļēුāļුāļēි. āļ āļ āˇāļģāļĢāļēිāļą් āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļēāļ¸් āˇුāļˇāˇාāļ¯ි āļ¯ෙāļēāļ් āļāļģāļą්āļą āļļāļŊāļą්āļą”
āļ¸ේ āļ´්āļģāļාāˇāļē āļąිāˇා āļļිāļģිāļŗ āļුāļ´ිāļ āˇූāˇා āˇේāļ¸ āļ¸ෙāˇේ āˇිāļģෝāļ°āļē āļ´āˇ āļāˇ ාāļē. “ āļāļļ āļිāļēāļą්āļąේ āļ āļ´ āˇැāļ¸ෝāļ¸ āļļෞāļ¯්āļ°āļēිāļą්āļ¸ āˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āˇැāļ¸ෝāļ¸ āˇāļුāļą් āļąොāļ¸āļģāļĢ āļļāˇāļ§ āļ¯ිāˇුāļģුāļ¸්āļ¯ී āļ´ොāļģොāļą්āļ¯ු āˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē āļිāļēāļŊ āļ¯ āˇැāļ¸ෝāļ¸ āļāˇෙāļ¸ āļāļģāļą්āļą āļිāļēොāļ් āļ¸ේ āļ¸ුāˇ ු āļ´āˇ ාāļāļ¸ āļ āˇුāļģුāļ¯ු āļීāļ´āļēāļāļ¯ී āˇāļුāļą්āļෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ´ිāļģේāˇි. āļ¸āļ¸ āļāļ āļļාāļģāļāļą්āļąේ āļąෑ “
āļ´āˇුāˇ āļ¯ා āļāļē āļāļ¸ා āˇැāļŊāˇුāļ¸් āļāˇ āļ¸āˇා āļāļ´āļą්āļ¯ිāļą āˇාāļ¯āļē āļ´ැāˇැāļ්āˇීāļ¸ේ āļ´ී්āļģāļිāļēෙāļą් āļ´්āļģāļ¸ුāļ¯ිāļ āˇූāˇාāļē . āˇāļ්āˇ āˇāļ°āļාāļාāļģāļēේ āļ āļ¸ිāˇිāļģි āˇāļŠිāļą් āļ āˇāļ§ āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļē āļāˇ āļŊී āļිāļēේāļē. āļ´āˇ āļ¸ුāˇැāļąි āˇූāļāļģāļēා āļාāļāļąāļē āļ´ිāļĢිāˇ āļුāļ¯āļŊා āļāļ¯āļෙāļą āļēāļą āˇිāļ§ āļāļේ āļāļ්āļ¸āļē āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģි āļļිāļģිāļŗāļේ āļāļēāļ§ āļāļģූāļĒ āˇිāļē. āļිāļēුāļĢූ āļāļŊ්āļ´ිāˇි āļුāļŠ āļāļේ āˇāļ¯āˇāļ āļ¯ෙāļ´āˇ ු āļāļģāļෙāļą āļēāļą āļ¯ැāļŠි āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇෙāļą් āļāļē āļ´ෙāˇ ුāļąාāļē. āļāļē āļෙāˇේāˇāļ් āļāˇāˇිāļē āļąොāˇැāļි āļ¸ාāļģාāļą්āļිāļ āļ´ීāļŠාāˇāļ් āļļāˇ āļ āļēāļ§ āļ¯ැāļąෙāļą්āļ§ āˇිāļē. āļāˇ āļāļ§ āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢිāļēේ āļāˇ ුāˇāļුāļේ āļ¸āļģāˇāļŦ āļąāļāļą āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇāļē. āļෝ āļාāļāļāļēාāļේ āļļිāˇිāˇුāļĢු āļිāļēුāļĢු āļāļēුāļ° āļāļ¸ාāļේ āļāļē āļ¸āˇ්āˇැāļ¯āļŊි āļ´āˇා āļāļģāļෙāļą āļිāļŗා āļļāˇිāļą āˇෙāļēāļ් āļāļēāļ§ āļ¯ැāļąුāļĢි. āļāļēිāļą් āļ āļąāļුāļģුāˇ āļāļēේ āļුāļුāļŊāļු āļේ āļෙāˇ āˇිāļŗිāļą āļ āˇāˇ්āļŽාāˇāļē. āļāļා āļිāļēුāļĢු āļ¸ාāļģāļ āļāļēුāļ°āļēේ āļ¸ුāˇāˇāļ āļāļ¸ාāļේ āļෙāˇ āļāˇෙāļą් āˇෙāļą් āļāļģāļą āˇෙāļēāļ් āļāļēāļ§ āļ¯ැāļąෙāļą්āļ§ āˇිāļē. āļāļē āļ¸ෙāļēāļ§ āļ´ෙāļģ āļිāˇි āļ āˇāˇ්āļŽාāˇāļ āļāļļāļŗු āļ´ීāļŠාāļාāļģි āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇāļ් āˇිāļŗ āļ¯āļģා āļąැāļ. āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇāļ āļ¸ාāļģාāļą්āļිāļ āļ´ීāļŠාāˇāļ āļ āļ්āļ¯ැāļීāļ¸් āļŊāļļා āļąැāļ. āļ්āļģāļ¸āļēෙāļą් āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēේ āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇ āļැāļą āˇැāļීāļ¸් āļ´āˇāˇ āˇāļą්āļ§ āˇිāļē. āļāļ¸ා āļ āļිāļą් āļļāļģāļ´āļāļŊ āˇāļģāļ¯āļ් āˇිāļ¯ු āˇී āļāļැāļēි āļēāļą āˇැāļීāļ¸ āļāļē āļුāˇ āˇොāļŊ්āļ¸āļą් āļෙāˇ ේāļē.
“ āˇāļ්āˇ āļාāļāļą āˇāˇාāļ¸ āļąāˇāļ්āˇāļąු “ āˇූāļ´āˇේāļ¯ීāļą්āļ§ āˇා āļෝ āļාāļāļāļēිāļą්āļ§ āļāļē āļ āļĢ āļ¯ුāļą්āļąාāļē. āļ¸ෙāļෙāļ් āļ¸āļģāļĢ āļˇāļēිāļą් āļැāļිāļෙāļą āˇිāļ§ි āˇිāļēāļŊුāļ¸ āˇāļුāļą් āļļැāļ¸ි āļŊිāˇා āļ¸ුāļ¯ා āˇāļģිāļą āļŊෙāˇ āļąිāļēāļ¸ āļāˇ ාāļē.
āļāļ¯ාāļēිāļą් āļ´āˇුāˇ āļිāˇිāļ¸ āˇāļāļු āļāˇාāļģ āļ´ිāļĢිāˇ āļāļē āļාāļāļąāļē āļąොāļāˇ ාāļē. āļිāˇිāļ¸ āˇāļ්āˇ āļ¸ංāˇāļēāļ් āļāˇාāļģ āļ´ිāļĢිāˇ āļąොāļāļ්āļාāļē. āˇāļāļු āļාāļāļąāļē āļිāļģීāļ¸ේāļ¯ී āļ āˇāļාāļ§ āļāļිāˇāļą āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇ āļෙāļļāļŗුāļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āˇිāļēāļŊු āļ¯ෙāļąාāļ§āļ¸ āļ āˇāļļෝāļ° āļāļģāļ¯ීāļ¸āļ§ āļāļē āļāļąāļą්āļ¯ු āˇූāˇාāļē. āˇāļ්āˇ āļාāļāļąāļēේ āļāļි āļ āļ¸ාāļąුāˇිāļ āļ´ාāļ´āļාāļģී āˇ්āˇāļˇාāˇāļē āļැāļą āˇāļ¸ාāļĸāļē āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸ේ āļාāļģ්āļēāļē āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļāļē āļāļ´ āļැāļ´ āˇූāˇාāļē. āļ¸ේ āˇේāļුāˇ āļąිāˇා āļāļē āļ¯ීāļģ්āļ āļාāļŊāļēāļ් āˇැāļ´āˇේ āļĸීāˇāļ් āˇූāˇාāļē.
āļāļ් āˇāļģ්āˇāļēāļ āļāļēāļේ āļāļ´āļą් āļ¯ිāļąāļē āļ¸āˇ āļāˇāˇ ිāļą් āļ´ැāˇැāļ්āˇීāļ¸āļ§ āļāļ§āļēුāļු āˇāļāˇ් āļāˇ ාāļē. āļ āˇāļŗāˇා āˇāļą āˇාāļ¯āļēāļ§ āļāļģāļą් , āļāˇ ුāˇāļą්, āļුāļුāļŊāļą් āˇා āļාāļģාāˇුāļą් āˇැāļąි āļ´්āļģාāļĢීāļą් āˇිāˇාāļŊ āˇංāļ්āļēාāˇāļ් āļāļ්āļැāļą් āļොāļ§ āļ¸āļģāļĢāļē āˇāļŗāˇා āˇූāļ¯ාāļąāļ¸් āļොāļ§ āļිāļļුāļĢි.
āļāļේ āˇ්āˇාāļ¸ිāļ´ුāļģුāˇāļēා āˇāļą āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģිāļēා āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āļැāļ´ āˇී āˇිāļ§ිāļą āˇāļුāļą් āļ¯ැāļ āļ¸āˇāļ් āˇේ āļāļąāļාāļ§ුāˇāļ§ āˇා āļąොāˇāļුāļ§āļ§ āļ´āļ්āˇ āļļිāļģිāļŗ āļ āļ¸āļා āļ¸ෙāˇේ āļීāˇේāļē.” āļāļļ āļāļļāļේ āļāļ´āļą් āļ¯ිāļąāļē āˇāļ¸āļģා āˇāļුāļ§ුāˇෙāļą්āļąෙ āļ¸ේ āļ āˇිංāˇāļ āˇāļුāļą්āļ§ āļ¸āļģāļĢ āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇ āļ¯ීāļŊāļēි, āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēāļ§ āļැāļ´āˇෙāļŊා āļāļą්āļą āļ¸ේ āˇāļුāļą්āļ§ āļāļļ āļ āļąුāļāļ¸්āļ´ා āļāˇ āļēුāļුāļēි. āļ āļ āˇāļģāļĢāļēිāļą් āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļēāļ¸් āˇුāļˇāˇාāļ¯ි āļ¯ෙāļēāļ් āļāļģāļą්āļą āļļāļŊāļą්āļą”
āļ¸ේ āļ´්āļģāļාāˇāļē āļąිāˇා āļļිāļģිāļŗ āļුāļ´ිāļ āˇූāˇා āˇේāļ¸ āļ¸ෙāˇේ āˇිāļģෝāļ°āļē āļ´āˇ āļāˇ ාāļē. “ āļāļļ āļිāļēāļą්āļąේ āļ āļ´ āˇැāļ¸ෝāļ¸ āļļෞāļ¯්āļ°āļēිāļą්āļ¸ āˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē. āˇැāļ¸ෝāļ¸ āˇāļුāļą් āļąොāļ¸āļģāļĢ āļļāˇāļ§ āļ¯ිāˇුāļģුāļ¸්āļ¯ී āļ´ොāļģොāļą්āļ¯ු āˇිāļē āļēුāļුāļē āļිāļēāļŊ āļ¯ āˇැāļ¸ෝāļ¸ āļāˇෙāļ¸ āļāļģāļą්āļą āļිāļēොāļ් āļ¸ේ āļ¸ුāˇ ු āļ´āˇ ාāļāļ¸ āļ āˇුāļģුāļ¯ු āļීāļ´āļēāļāļ¯ී āˇāļුāļą්āļෙāļą් āļ¸ āļ´ිāļģේāˇි. āļ¸āļ¸ āļāļ āļļාāļģāļāļą්āļąේ āļąෑ “
āļ´āˇුāˇ āļ¯ා āļāļē āļāļ¸ා āˇැāļŊāˇුāļ¸් āļāˇ āļ¸āˇා āļāļ´āļą්āļ¯ිāļą āˇාāļ¯āļē āļ´ැāˇැāļ්āˇීāļ¸ේ āļ´ී්āļģāļිāļēෙāļą් āļ´්āļģāļ¸ුāļ¯ිāļ āˇූāˇාāļē . āˇāļ්āˇ āˇāļ°āļාāļාāļģāļēේ āļ āļ¸ිāˇිāļģි āˇāļŠිāļą් āļ āˇāļ§ āļ´āļģිāˇāļģāļē āļāˇ āļŊී āļිāļēේāļē. āļ´āˇ āļ¸ුāˇැāļąි āˇූāļāļģāļēා āļාāļāļąāļē āļ´ිāļĢිāˇ āļුāļ¯āļŊා āļāļ¯āļෙāļą āļēāļą āˇිāļ§ āļāļේ āļāļ්āļ¸āļē āļąිāļŊāļ°ාāļģි āļļිāļģිāļŗāļේ āļāļēāļ§ āļāļģූāļĒ āˇිāļē. āļිāļēුāļĢූ āļāļŊ්āļ´ිāˇි āļුāļŠ āļāļේ āˇāļ¯āˇāļ āļ¯ෙāļ´āˇ ු āļāļģāļෙāļą āļēāļą āļ¯ැāļŠි āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇෙāļą් āļāļē āļ´ෙāˇ ුāļąාāļē. āļāļē āļෙāˇේāˇāļ් āļāˇāˇිāļē āļąොāˇැāļි āļ¸ාāļģාāļą්āļිāļ āļ´ීāļŠාāˇāļ් āļļāˇ āļ āļēāļ§ āļ¯ැāļąෙāļą්āļ§ āˇිāļē. āļāˇ āļāļ§ āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢිāļēේ āļāˇ ුāˇāļුāļේ āļ¸āļģāˇāļŦ āļąāļāļą āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇāļē. āļෝ āļාāļāļāļēාāļේ āļļිāˇිāˇුāļĢු āļිāļēුāļĢු āļāļēුāļ° āļāļ¸ාāļේ āļāļē āļ¸āˇ්āˇැāļ¯āļŊි āļ´āˇා āļāļģāļෙāļą āļිāļŗා āļļāˇිāļą āˇෙāļēāļ් āļāļēāļ§ āļ¯ැāļąුāļĢි. āļāļēිāļą් āļ āļąāļුāļģුāˇ āļāļēේ āļුāļුāļŊāļු āļේ āļෙāˇ āˇිāļŗිāļą āļ āˇāˇ්āļŽාāˇāļē. āļāļා āļිāļēුāļĢු āļ¸ාāļģāļ āļāļēුāļ°āļēේ āļ¸ුāˇāˇāļ āļāļ¸ාāļේ āļෙāˇ āļāˇෙāļą් āˇෙāļą් āļāļģāļą āˇෙāļēāļ් āļāļēāļ§ āļ¯ැāļąෙāļą්āļ§ āˇිāļē. āļāļē āļ¸ෙāļēāļ§ āļ´ෙāļģ āļිāˇි āļ āˇāˇ්āļŽාāˇāļ āļāļļāļŗු āļ´ීāļŠාāļාāļģි āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇāļ් āˇිāļŗ āļ¯āļģා āļąැāļ. āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇāļ āļ¸ාāļģාāļą්āļිāļ āļ´ීāļŠාāˇāļ āļ āļ්āļ¯ැāļීāļ¸් āļŊāļļා āļąැāļ. āļ්āļģāļ¸āļēෙāļą් āļ¸āļģāļĢāļēේ āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇ āļැāļą āˇැāļීāļ¸් āļ´āˇāˇ āˇāļą්āļ§ āˇිāļē. āļāļ¸ා āļ āļිāļą් āļļāļģāļ´āļāļŊ āˇāļģāļ¯āļ් āˇිāļ¯ු āˇී āļāļැāļēි āļēāļą āˇැāļීāļ¸ āļāļē āļුāˇ āˇොāļŊ්āļ¸āļą් āļෙāˇ ේāļē.
“ āˇāļ්āˇ āļාāļāļą āˇāˇාāļ¸ āļąāˇāļ්āˇāļąු “ āˇූāļ´āˇේāļ¯ීāļą්āļ§ āˇා āļෝ āļාāļāļāļēිāļą්āļ§ āļāļē āļ āļĢ āļ¯ුāļą්āļąාāļē. āļ¸ෙāļෙāļ් āļ¸āļģāļĢ āļˇāļēිāļą් āļැāļිāļෙāļą āˇිāļ§ි āˇිāļēāļŊුāļ¸ āˇāļුāļą් āļļැāļ¸ි āļŊිāˇා āļ¸ුāļ¯ා āˇāļģිāļą āļŊෙāˇ āļąිāļēāļ¸ āļāˇ ාāļē.
āļāļ¯ාāļēිāļą් āļ´āˇුāˇ āļිāˇිāļ¸ āˇāļāļු āļāˇාāļģ āļ´ිāļĢිāˇ āļāļē āļාāļāļąāļē āļąොāļāˇ ාāļē. āļිāˇිāļ¸ āˇāļ්āˇ āļ¸ංāˇāļēāļ් āļāˇාāļģ āļ´ිāļĢිāˇ āļąොāļāļ්āļාāļē. āˇāļāļු āļාāļāļąāļē āļිāļģීāļ¸ේāļ¯ී āļ āˇāļාāļ§ āļāļිāˇāļą āˇේāļ¯āļąාāˇ āļෙāļļāļŗුāļ¯ āļēāļą්āļą āˇිāļēāļŊු āļ¯ෙāļąාāļ§āļ¸ āļ āˇāļļෝāļ° āļāļģāļ¯ීāļ¸āļ§ āļāļē āļāļąāļą්āļ¯ු āˇූāˇාāļē. āˇāļ්āˇ āļාāļāļąāļēේ āļāļි āļ āļ¸ාāļąුāˇිāļ āļ´ාāļ´āļාāļģී āˇ්āˇāļˇාāˇāļē āļැāļą āˇāļ¸ාāļĸāļē āļ¯ැāļąුāˇāļ් āļිāļģීāļ¸ේ āļාāļģ්āļēāļē āˇෙāļąුāˇෙāļą් āļāļē āļāļ´ āļැāļ´ āˇූāˇාāļē. āļ¸ේ āˇේāļුāˇ āļąිāˇා āļāļē āļ¯ීāļģ්āļ āļාāļŊāļēāļ් āˇැāļ´āˇේ āļĸීāˇāļ් āˇූāˇාāļē.
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